SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

BSI KITEMARK LICENCED

UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

PR OD UCT CATALOU GE

TITLE COMPANY PROFILE SD QATAR ABOVEGROUND, SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS ISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFICATION KITE MARK BSEN 1401 & BSEN 1329 CERTIFICATIONS SD QATAR UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ADVANTAGE OF USING SD QATAR PIPES & FITTINGS THERMAL EXPANSION & CONTRACTION, PIPE LINE DESIGN RELATED STANDARDS (EUROPEAN & BRITISH STANDARDS) INSTALLATION METHODES OF SD QATAR PIPES & FITTINGS INSTALLATION OF UNDERGROUND PIPING SYSTEM (TRENCHING) NOTES

PAGE 1 2 12 13 14 24 26 27 28 29 33

We Qatar Pipe Line (QPL) an ISO 9001 certified Company established in the year 2007. As a Qatar manufacturing
future in the State of Qatar, and in the World.

Industry in the GCC region. With an ambition to provide enhanced services to Construction Industries, focusing the

and Aboveground Drainage systems in accordance with British Standards BS EN 1401 & BS EN 1329.

QPL factory started production of

uPVC Pipes & Fittings in the name of SD QATAR brand especially for Underground

To achieve the goal our industry equipped with sophisticated latest technology in the field of plastic
Pipes & Fittings Production. And our products are produced by using raw materials of leading global Manufacturers.

With our commitment in quality , accuracy to meet the Standards and Specifications. In the year 2010 we achieved
highly reputed KITE MARK Product Quality Certification from British Standards Institute (BSI), U.K., for both Underground (BS EN 1401) & Aboveground (BS EN 1329) Drainage Systems.

products are proudly a Qatar originated products.

The SD in our brand stands for Sewerage & Drainage and has the name of QATAR is the simple sign that these
SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS 1

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

DOUBLE SPIGOT uPVC PIPE

3.2 mm 3.2 mm 3.2 mm

82 110 160

3 4 6

PSD32G PSD42G PSD62G

RUBBER SOCKET uPVC PIPE

3.2 mm 3.2 mm

110 160 82 110 160 82 110 160

4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6

PSD41G PSD61G PSD34G PSD44G PSD64G CO3G CO4G CO6G CO33G CO43G CO63G BD3G BD4G BD6G

SOLVENT SOCKET uPVC PIPE

3.2 mm 3.2 mm 3.2 mm

COUPLER DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

COUPLER DOUBLE SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

82 110 160

ELBOW 45 DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

82 110 160

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

ELBOW 45 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT

110

BD41G

ELBOW 45 DOUBLE SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

82 110 160

3 4 6

BD33G BD43G BD63G

ELBOW 45 SOLVENT SOCKET / SPIGOT

110

BD44G

ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

82 110 160

3 4 6 3 4 6

EL3G EL4G EL6G EL33G EL43G EL63G

ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

82 110 160

ELBOW 90 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 160

4 6

EL41G EL61G

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

ELBOW 90 SOLVENT SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 160

4 6

EL44G EL64G

ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET WITH 3 ACCESS CAP

110

ELC4G

ELBOW 90 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT WITH 3 ACCESS CAP

110

ELC41G

ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET WITH 3 ACCESS CAP

110

ELC43G

ELBOW 90 SOLVENT SOCKET / SPIGOT WITH 3 ACCESS CAP

110

ELC44G

SHORT ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

110

SEL4G

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

SHORT ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

110

SEL43G

EQUAL TEE 87.5 ALL SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

82 110 160

3 4 6 3 4 6

ET3G ET4G ET6G ET33G ET43G ET63G

EQUAL TEE 87.5 ALL SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

82 110 160

EQUAL TEE 87.5 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 160

4 6

ET41G ET61G

EQUAL TEE 87.5 SOLVENT SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 160

4 6 3 4 6

ET44G ET64G YB3G YB4G YB6G

WYE BRANCH 45 ALL SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

82 110 160

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

WYE BRANCH 45 ALL SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

82 110 160

3 4 6

YB33G YB43G YB63G

WYE BRANCH 45 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 160

4 6

YB41G YB61G

WYE BRANCH 45SOLVENT SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 160

4 6

YB44G YB64G

REDUCED TEE 87.5 ALL SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

160 X 110

6 X 4

RT64G

REDUCED TEE 87.5 ALL SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

160 X 110

6 X 4

RT643G

REDUCED TEE 87.5 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT

160 X 110

6 X 4

RT641G

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

REDUCED TEE 87.5 SOLVENT SOCKET / SPIGOT

160 X 110

6 X 4

RT644G

REDUCED WYE BRANCH 45 ALL SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

160 X 110

6 X 4

RY64G

REDUCED WYE BRANCH 45 ALL SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

160 X 110

6 X 4

RY643G

REDUCED WYE BRANCH 45 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT

160 X 110

6 X 4

RY641G

REDUCED WYE BRANCH 45 SOLVENT SOCKET / SPIGOT

160 X 110

6 X 4

RY644G

FLOOR GULLY TRAP 4 X 3 X 2 110 4 X 3 FGT43G

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

LONG FLOOR GULLY TRAP 4 X 3 X 2 110 4 X 3 LFGT43G

ECCENTRIC RUDUCER RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 X 82 160 X 110

4 X 3 6 X 4

RE431G RE641G

ECCENTRIC RUDUCER SOLVENT SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 X 82 160 X 110

4 X 3 6 X 4 3 X 2 4 X 2 4 X 3

RE434G RE644G RE322G RE422G RE432G

ECCENTRIC REDUCER ALL SIDE SPIGOT

82 X 50 110 X 50 110 X 82

REDUCER BUSH 110 X 82 160 X 110 ACCESS CAP WITH PRESSURE PLUG 82 110 4 X 3 6 X 4 3 4 RB432G RB642G ACP32G ACP42G

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

DOUBLE SPIGOT uPVC PIPE

1.8 mm 1.9 mm 2.0 mm

32 40 50 32 40 50 32 40 50

1 1/4 1 1/2 2 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 1 1/4 1 1/2 2

PSD1Q2G PSD1H2G PSD22G PSD1Q4G PSD1H4G PSD24G CO1Q3G CO1H3G CO23G BD1Q3G BD1H3G BD23G EL1Q3G EL1H3G EL23G

SOLVENT SPIGOT uPVC PIPE

1.8 mm 1.9 mm 2.0 mm

STRAIGHT COUPLER SOLVENT SOCKET

ELBOW 45 SOLVENT SOCKET

32 40 50

ELBOW 90 SOLVENT SOCKET

32 40 50

10

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

ABOVEGROUND SOIL, WASTE & VENTILATION SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 1329

EQUAL TEE 87.5 ALL SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

32 40 50

1 1/4 1 1/2 2 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 X 1 1/4 2 X 1 1/2

ET1Q3G ET1H3G ET23G YB1Q3G YB1H3G YB23G RB21Q2G RB21H2G

WYE BRANCH 45 ALL SIDE SOLVENT SOCKET

32 40 50

REDUCER BUSH

50 X 32 50 X 40

SOLVENT SOCKET END CAP 110 4 EC42G

VENT COWL 110 4 VC43G

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

11

12

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

13

14

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS UNDER GROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 14O1

DOUBLE SPIGOT uPVC PIPE

3.2 mm 3.2 mm 4.0 mm

82 110 160 82 110 160 82 110 160 82 110 160

3 4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6

PSD32B PSD42B PSD62B PSD31B PSD41B PSD61B PSD34B PSD44B PSD64B CO3B CO4B CO6B BD3B BD4B BD6B

RUBBER SOCKET uPVC PIPE

3.2 mm 3.2 mm 4.0 mm

DOUBLE SPIGOT uPVC PIPE

3.2 mm 3.2 mm 4.0 mm

COUPLER DOUBLE SIDE STRAIGHT COUPLER SOLVENT RUBBER SOCKET

ELBOW 45 DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

82 110 160

ELBOW 45 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT 110 4 BD41B

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

15

UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS UNDER GROUNDDRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 14O1

ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

82 110 160

3 4 6

EL3B EL4B EL6B

ELBOW 90 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT

110 160

4 6

EL41B EL61B

ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET WITH 3 ACCESS CAP

110

ELC4B

ELBOW 90 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT WITH 3 ACCESS CAP

110

ELC41B

SHORT ELBOW 90 DOUBLE SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

110

SEL4B

EQUAL TEE 87.5 ALL SIDE RUBBER SOCKET

82 110 160

3 4 6

ET3B ET4B ET6B

16

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

UNDER GROUNDDRAINAGE SYSTEMS UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 14O1

EQUAL TEE 87.5 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT 110 160 WYE BRANCH 45 ALL SIDE RUBBER SOCKET 82 110 160 WYE BRANCH 45 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT 110 160 REDUCED TEE 87.5ALL SIDE RUBBER SOCKET 160 X 110 REDUCED TEE 87.5 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT 160 X 110 REDUCED WYE BRANCH 45 ALL SIDE RUBBER SOCKET 160 X 110

4 6 3 4 6

ET41B ET61B YB3B YB4B YB6B

4 6

YB41B YB61B

6 X 4

RT64B

6 X 4

RT641B

6 X 4

RY64B

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

17

UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS UNDER GROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 14O1

REDUCED WYE BRANCH 45 RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT 160 X 110 ECCENTRIC RUDUCER RUBBER SOCKET / SPIGOT 6 X 4 RY641B

110 X 82 160 X 110

4 X 3 6 X 4 3 X 2 4 X 2 4 X 3

RE431B RE641B RE322B RE422B RE432B

ECCENTRIC REDUCER ALL SIDE SPIGOT

82 X 50 110 X 50 110 X 82

GULLY RAISING PIECE 110 X82 X50 4 X 3 X 2 GRP432B

REDUCER BUSH 110 X82 160 X 110 P TRAP GULLY RUBBER SOCKET 110 4 PTG4B 4 X 3 6 X 4 RB432B RB642B

18

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS UNDER GROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 14O1

P TRAP GULLY SOLVENT SOCKET 110 4 PTG45B

ACCESS CAP WITH PRESSURE PLUG

82 110

3 4

ACP32B ACP42B

SOLVENT SOCKET END CAP 110 4 EC42B

GRAVITY SEWERAGE uPVC PIPES

SD QATAR BS 5481

SOLVENT / SPIGOT uPVC PIPES

4.9 mm 6.1 mm 7.7 mm

200 250 315 200 250 315

8 10 12 8 10 12

PSD84B PSD104B PSD124B PSD81B PSD101B PSD121B

RUBBER / SPIGOT uPVC PIPES

4.9 mm 6.1 mm 7.7 mm

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

19

UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 14O1

SINGLE RISER SIDE OUTLET PP INSPECTION CHAMBER

160 X 110

6 X 4

IC164b

160 X 160 DOUBLE RISER SIDE OUTLET PP INSPECTION CHAMBER

6 X 6

IC166b

160 X 110

6 X 4

IC264b

160 X 160 SINGLE RISER BOTTOM OUTLET PP INSPECTION CHAMBER

6 X 6

IC266b

160 X 110

6 X 4

ICB16b

160 X 160

6 X 6

ICB166b

DOUBLE RISER BOTTOM OUTLET PP INSPECTION CHAMBER

160 X 110

6 X 4

ICB264b

160 X 160

6 X 6

ICB266b

20

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 14O1

SIDE OUTLET CHAMBER BASE

160 X 110

6 X 4

IB164b

160 X 160 BOTTOM OUTLET CHAMBER BASE 160 X 110

6 X 6 6 X 4

IB166b IBB164b

160 X 160 FOUR OUTLETS CHAMBER BODY 110

6 X 6

IBB166b

IBY4b

SOCKETED CHAMBER RISER 315 12 IRS315b

PLAIN CHAMBER RISER 315 12 IR315b

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

21

UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SD QATAR BS EN 14O1

CHAMBER TOP FRAME 315 12 ICL315b

CHEZY PLASTIC HEAVY DUTY CHAMBER COVER 315 12 IPCV315b

STEEL HEAVY DUTY CHAMBER COVER 315 12 ISCV315b

22

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

23

ADVANTAGE OF USING SD QATAR PIPES & FITTINGS

Installation simplicity & flexibility: Being a part of the British standard plastic pipes & fittings family it has been proven that our SD QATAR plastic pipes & fittings are simpler & have more flexibility to adapt to any installation design than other materials, even on the event of changing the system it is easy to dismantle & reused again for the similar installation. Cost cutting: As the major raw materials are all on the increase range it has been found that using SD QATAR plastic pipes & fittings will cost less than the half compare to any other materials for the same system. Also the easy installation causes also less installation cost. Environmentally safety: From the start as the raw materials of our pipes & fittings are Lead free & the raw materials are been handled with extra environmental awareness going to the process of manufacturing the pipes & the fittings until dispatch to the customer we have given the full attention to the environmental issue. Also our pipes have been approved to be the safest method of carrying liquids without any leaks or spills. Availability & Timely Delivery: Being in the gulf region it is very handy to find the product available & to find us for sharing the required information that can be needed for completing any design. Highly resistant: SD QATAR drainage systems are highly resistant to normal acids & alkali which makes it perfectly workable in wide range of industrial installations.

PROPERTIES OF THE PVC AT 20C

Mechanical Specific Gravity Hardness Water Absorption Tensile Strength Elongation At Break Compressive Strength Modulus of Elasticity Izod Impact Strength Poisson's Ratio Thermal Vicat Softening point Specific Heat Coefficient of Linear Expansion Thermal Conductivity Flame Resistance Electrical Volume Resistance Dielectric Constant @ 106Hz Dielectric Strength Dielectric Power Factor @106Hz
24 SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

1.42 120 Rockwell R 0.04-0.06 mg/cm2 >45 MPa > 80 % 66 MPa 2700 MPa 6 kJ/ m2 0.35 0.4 82 C 1047 J/Kg/C 0.000007 mm/mm/C 0.138 0.150 W/m/C Self - Extinguishing > 1X10 3.0 3.3 > 40 kV/mm 0.02

PVC Chemical Resistance chart

The excellent & high resistance of PVC-U for mainly the Acids & the Alkalis Makes the pipes & the fittings made by it very suitable for the industrial Applications. Below some of the chemicals that are commonly workable in the PVC drainage sewerage systems:

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

25

Thermal expansion & contraction

PVC coefficient linear expansion is 0.000007 mm/ mm/C, which means that in ten meters pipe it will expand 7 mm in each 10C rise of temperature. How ever due to the short duration of most effluent flows & the slow temperature response of the material, the greatest thermal movement will take place due to variation in environment temperature rather than the effect of hot effluent discharge. Effective accommodation of thermal movement is dependent on the controlled direction & distribution of this movement. If thermal can not be accommodated by different means, expansion joints should be employed with maximum spacing intervals for locating expansion joints are 6 meters for cold & 4 meters for hot pipe systems. The maximum length of pipeline between fixed points should be 2 meters for cold pipeline & 1 meter for hot pipeline. For vertical soil & waste systems pipes must have expansion joints located on each floor where fixtures & branch lines are connected, directly above the highest branch connection. It must be also located at the end of the drain connection for a discharge pipe if the length of the pipe between fixed points exceeds the distance stated above. As for graded pipelines expansion joints must be placed immediately upstream of the entry to a vertical stack or other graded line & upstream of each change of direction in the graded lines. Pipe Support It is important to install a support on the pipe at a fixed point to restrain all movements of the system. The clip or the support must be firmly fixed to the fitting located in the clamping groove where ever is provided. Or a sliding support or clip is to provide a guide without restrain on axial movement of the pipe.

Proper handling of SD QATAR pipes

Pipes can be stacked on the ground provided this surface is level and free from loose stones or any sharp objects. Socketed pipes must be stacked in layers with the socket placed at alternative ends of the rack, and protruding to avoid uneven stacks and distortion (the sockets must load free). Racks for long term storage are recommended and must have continuous support at least 75 mm width & 1 meter apart. Also slide restrains must be placed at the centers not exceeding 1.5 meter & stacks should not exceed 10 pipes in height.

Pipe line design

1. Hydraulic Design The capacity of flow in a pipeline can vary due to various factors, which include the roughness of pipe bore, influenced by the growth of slime, roughening due to abrasion and joint imperfections/fitting types and configurations. Flow capacity is calculated by using the Colebrook White Transition Equation and it is assumed pipes are flowing full. This equation takes into account, liquid viscosity and pipe roughness, and is recognized as being one of the most accurate in general use but requires an iterative solution. This equation also enables user to establish the relationship between friction loss, discharge and velocity
2.51 2gd1 J k

= 2

2gd1 J log10

d1

3.71 d 1

32 40 50 82 110 160
26

0.50 0.50 0.60 1.00 1.00 1.20

1.20 1.20 1.20 2.00 2.00 2.00

v = velocity of flow cross section (m/s) g = gravity constant (9.81 m/s2) di = pipe internal diameter (m) J = gradient k = hydraulic effective pipe roughness (m),

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

taking into consideration of: misaligned joints, diametrical deformation, change of direction and side inlets recommended figure is k = 2.5 x 10-4 m = kinematics viscosity of fluid (1.31 x 10-6 m/s )
2

The flow capacity is determined by the following equations: Q = v x { p di 2/4 } for full bore flow and; Q = v x A for partial bore flow 2. Structural Design Paling range of PVC pipes are classified as flexible pipes, which means they have the ability to deform or deflect diametrically within specified limits without structural damage or impairing the performance of the pipes. The external soil and live loadings imposed on flexible pipes may cause a decrease in the vertical diameter and an increase in the horizontal diameter of the pipe. The horizontal movement of the pipe walls in the soil material at the sides develops a passive resistance within the soil to support the external load. Hence, the pipeline performance is influenced by the soil type

If filling degree is less than 100%, the internal pipe diameter di , is replaced with the hydraulic diameter, dh in the above equation. The relationship of the two parameters is defined as: di = dh = 4A/U
a= d12 8 d1 2 2 across (1-2h/d1) 180 - sin [2 across (1-2h/d1)]

U=

2 across (1-2h/d1) 180

And h/di as defined in diagram below;

and density. The higher the effective soil modules at pipe depth, the less the pipe will deflect. A complete design approach is covered in BS EN 1295-1.

Related Standards (European & British Standards)

BS EN 1329:2000 : PVC plastic piping system for soil & waste discharge within the building structure (high & low temperature flow). PVC plastic piping system for non-pressure underground drainage & sewerage. PVC soil & ventilating pipes, fittings & accessories specification. Specification for thermoplastics waste pipe & fittings. ABS plastic piping systems for soil & waste (low & high Temp.) within building structure. plastic waste traps specifications. solvent cement for non-pressure thermoplastics pipe systems specification. Rubber material specification requirements for pipe joint seals used in water & drainage application. Manhole covers & frames. Drain & Sewer system outside buildings. structural design of buried pipelines under various condition of loading general requirements. Quality Management System.
SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS 27

BS EN 1401:1999 & BS 4660 : BS 4514 :1983 BS 5255:1989 BS EN 1455-1:2000 BS 3943:1979 BS 6209:1982 BS EN 681-1:1996 BS EN 124:1994 BS EN 752: Parts 1-7:1997 BS EN 1295-1:1998 BS EN ISO 9001-2:2000 : : : : : : : : : :

28

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

Installation of underground Piping System (Trenching):

Trenching of the pipes is preferred to be done with accordance to the British Standard BS 5955 Part 6 (installation of PVC-u pipe work for gravity drains and sewers). Its essential that the sides of the trench are well supported during the laying of the pipes, trench width should be narrow but in a way that it will not be less than the pipe diameter plus 300mm 360mm added to allow adequate side fill to placed. Trenches when excavated are either stable or unstable. The category into which a trench fits is affected by the soil conditions, width, depth and method of excavation. To ensure that maximum support is given to the buried pipe by the undisturbed ground the resultant stable or unstable trench should be treated in the following way: 1- Stable conditions Stable conditions are those where, after excavation, the trench walls remain solid and do not show any signs of collapse or cave-in. Under such conditions the recommended trench widths are shown in the following table: . Where no subject to vehicular loading: 300mm . Where subject to vehicular loading: . Under driveways: 450mm . In sealed roadways: 600mm . In unsealed roadways: 750mm The minimum trench depth should be such that pressures created by the weight of fill material plus anticipated traffic or other superimposed loads will not damage the pipes. As a guide the recommended minimum clear cover above is listed below: excavation, the trench walls tend to collapse and cave-in. Under these conditions, in open or unrestricted areas, the top of the trench can be widened until stability is reached. A smaller trench should then be dug in the bottom of the excavation to contain the pipe as shown. In areas where space is limited, e.g. in streets, it may be necessary to support trench walls by timber or other suitable shoring.

Trench depths

Trench Laying & Compaction Steps:

400 600 750 900
1. Preparing the trench The trench bottom should be as level as possible, so that the barrel of the pipe is fully supported along its whole length. In good working conditions, sandy or loamy soil, the trench bottom can be made sufficiently even with stones and rocks removed to provide continuous support for the pipes without the need of under-bedding.

100 150 - 200 225 - 300 375

2- Unstable conditions

Unstable conditions are those where, during or after

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

29

2. Wet conditions In wet ground, sloppy working conditions can be alleviated by first placing a layer of hard granular material, or by de-watering the area in and around the trench. If patches of ground are so wet that there is a risk of subsidence and possible damage to sections of the pipeline, these areas should be consolidated by the addition of suitable fill material. 3. Trench installation The trench should be excavated deeply enough to allow for the specified grade, the required depth of bedding, and the minimum cover over the pipe.

4. Bedding & Backfill when the trench is fully ready to lay the pipe, we have to make sure that the bottom of the pipe is trimmed to be the bed of the pipe & the as-dug soil is used as the side fill of that pipe with accordance to BS EN 1610 bedding construction type 3. Suitable material is defined as the sidefill with maximum particle size not exceeding 20mm. refere to the drawings for more details.

The following materials are suitable for bedding and overlay in the trench: a. Suitable sand, free from rock or other hard or sharp objects. b. Crushed rock or gravel of approved grading up to a maximum size of 14mm c. The excavated material, if it is free from rock or hard matter and broken up so that it contains no soil lumps having any dimension greater than 75mm which would prevent adequate compaction of the bedding. d. Cement mortar, containing one part of cement and four parts of sand by volume, mixed with clean water to a workabl consistency (bedding only).
30 SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

Once the pipe is laid in the trench backfilling can commence. Two distinct phases are involved with pipelines: A. backfilling prior to testing the pipeline B. backfilling after testing the pipeline Backfilling usually follows pipe installation as closely as possible in order to protect the pipe from external damage, to eliminate the possibility of the pipe floating due to flooding of open trenches, and to avoid shifting the pipe out of line due to cave-in.

It

should be remembered

that the purpose of

form of acceptance test on newly constructed sewer lines. It is usual for two separate tests to be made: one prior to backfilling and another towards the end of the job when backfilling has been completed and settled, and manholes and sidelines constructed. The purpose of testing a non-pressure pipeline is to ensure that the line has been correctly laid to line and grade, will flow satisfactorily and is sealed at each joint and fitting. In the case of a sewer pipeline system, three distinct areas require testing. 1. The sewer rising mains 2. The gravity pipeline sections 3. The gravity reticulation sections The first is a pressure pipeline and should be tested accordingly. The later two require testing for which recommended practices are as follows:

backfilling is not only to protect the pipe by covering it, but to provide firm continuous support under the pipe. Where concrete or mortatr bedding has been used, however, the bedding must have obtained its required strength prior to backfilling.

Testing SD QATAR pipelines:

Testing is done in accordance to the two systems Soil & Waste system & the underground system as follows:

A. Testing SWV Pipelines

Two types of testing are in current use - hydrostatic testing and air testing. The choice of the type of test, its duration and test pressures required depend on the requirements of the authority concerned. All solvent cement work should be allowed to cure for at least 24 hours from the time of the last joint made. All joints must be checked during the test. In the event of leakage, pipe work must be repaired and retested. 1. Hydrostatic testing: Otherwise specified by the relevant authority, pipe work should be tested at the static head of not exceeding 6m and maintained for a period of 24 hours. 2. Air testing: Air should be gradually introduced by a suitable means until a pressure of not exceeding 50 kPa is obtained. The pressure is maintained for at least 3 minutes.

A. Preparing for the test

During the installation careful checking and adequate supervision will ensure that sewer lines are laid to line and grade. If an installation specification exists it should be followed. Otherwise the pipeline section to be tested should be backfilled leaving all couplings and fittings exposed for inspection during testing. In solvent weld PVC-U jointed non-pressure pipelines, at least 24 hours should have elapsed since the last joint was made before testing commences.

B. Test procedures
Two types of testing are in current use - hydrostatic testing and air testing. The choice of the type of test, its duration and test pressures required depend on

B. Testing Underground pipelines

Modern construction practice is to adopt some rigorous

SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

31

the requirements of the authority concerned and may also be governed by the availability of water on the site, but in general hydrostatic testing is recommended.

should be expected due to change in pressure and temperature.

1. Hydrostatic testing
The single opening at the top of the test section should be fitted with a special test plug. The test plug should have two entries; an upper one connected to a calibrated container capable of supplying makeup water when filled, and a lower entry connected to a water supply. The pipeline should be filled with water allowing air to escape through the upper entry in the test plug via the calibrated container. Unless otherwise specified by the client or relevant Government Authority, the following figures are recommended. When pipeline is full, using the calibrated container raise the pipeline pressure to between 2m and 3m above the natural surface at the top of the test section. Allow the pipeline time to settle during which period make-up water should be added. This period should be a minimum of 24 hours. During a subsequent one hour test the water loss measured by the drop in water level should not exceed 0.55 liters per 10mm internal diameter per 100 meters of pipe length. During the test all joints should be inspected. Should the pipeline fail to pass the test it must be further examined to locate the leak, then drained, repaired and retested. a) Volume of water required to fill the pipeline The following table guides as to how much water is required to fill up the test section of pipeline. However, slight variation from the tabulated figure

110 160 250 315

b) Make-up water

8.4 18.1 44.4 70.5

Make-up water will generally be necessary to obtain a satisfactory test, because of entrapped and entrained air etc., even if the pipeline is laid with the best of care under favorable conditions.

2. Low pressure air testing

The methods and test procedures outlined in any installation specification should be followed. If no such specification exists the following test procedures of AS2032 are recommended for air testing of a sewer pipeline section. The pipeline should be sealed in the manner described for hydrostatic testing, but incorporating an air pressure gauge. Air should be introduced slowly by a suitable means until a pressure of 50 kPa is obtained. The pressure should then be maintained for a period of at least 3 minutes. Should no leaks be apparent at the end of 3 minutes, the air supply should be shut off and provided the air contained in the pipes under test does not fall below 35 kPa within 50 seconds, the pipeline may be considered satisfactory. If however, the pressure is not maintained within these specified limits, the air should be reintroduced and the pipeline examined for leaks using a concentrated solution of soft soap and water over the joints and fittings. When the source of the leak has been detected and repaired the pipeline should be retested.

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SD QATAR uPVC PIPES & FITTINGS

Qatar Pipeline Co. Tel.: +974 - 4450 9456 / 4458 1835 Fax: +974 - 4450 9453 P. O. Box 40290 Doha - Qatar Email: sdqatar@qatar.net.qa www.sdqatar.com.qa