Assembly Language Programming of 8085
Unit-2
Topics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Programming model of 8085 Instruction set of 8085 Example Programs Addressing modes of 8085 Instruction & Data Formats of 8085
1. Introduction
A microprocessor executes instructions given by the user Instructions should be in a language known to the microprocessor Microprocessor understands the language of 0s and 1s only This language is called Machine Language
For e.g.
01001111 Is a valid machine language instruction of 8085 It copies the contents of one of the internal registers of 8085 to another
A Machine language program to add two numbers
00111110 00000010 00000110 00000100 10000000
;Copy value 2H in register A
;Copy value 4H in register B
;A = A + B
Assembly Language of 8085
It uses English like words to convey the action/meaning For e.g.
MOV ADD SUB to indicate data transfer to add two values to subtract two values
Assembly language program to add two numbers
MVI A, 2H ;Copy value 2H in register A MVI B, 4H ;Copy value 4H in register B ADD B ;A = A + B Note: Assembly language is specific to a given processor For e.g. assembly language of 8085 is different than that of Motorola 6800 microprocessor
Microprocessor understands Machine Language only! Microprocessor cannot understand a program written in Assembly language A program known as Assembler is used to convert a Assembly language program to machine language
Assembly Language Program
Assembler Program
Machine Language Code
Low-level/High-level languages
Machine language and Assembly language are both Microprocessor specific (Machine dependent)
so they are called
Low-level languages Machine independent languages are called High-level languages For e.g. BASIC, PASCAL,C++,C,JAVA, etc. A software called Compiler is required to convert a high-level language program to machine code
2. Programming model of 8085
Accumulator
Register Array 16-bit Address Bus
ALU Flags
Instruction Decoder
Memory Pointer
Registers
8-bit Data Bus
Timing and Control Unit
Control Bus
Accumulator (8-bit) B (8-bit) D (8-bit) H (8-bit)
Flag Register (8-bit)
S Z AC P CY
C (8-bit) E (8-bit) L (8-bit) Stack Pointer (SP) (16-bit) Program Counter (PC) (16-bit)
8- Lines Bidirectional
16- Lines Unidirectional
Overview: 8085 Programming model
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Six general-purpose Registers Accumulator Register Flag Register Program Counter Register Stack Pointer Register
1. Six general-purpose registers B, C, D, E, H, L Can be combined as register pairs to perform 16-bit operations (BC, DE, HL) 2. Accumulator identified by name A This register is a part of ALU 8-bit data storage Performs arithmetic and logical operations Result of an operation is stored in accumulator
3. Flag Register
This is also a part of ALU 8085 has five flags named Zero flag (Z) Carry flag (CY) Sign flag (S) Parity flag (P) Auxiliary Carry flag (AC)
These flags are five flip-flops in flag register Execution of an arithmetic/logic operation can set or reset these flags Condition of flags (set or reset) can be tested through software instructions 8085 uses these flags in decision-making process
4. Program Counter (PC) A 16-bit memory pointer register Used to sequence execution of program instructions Stores address of a memory location where next instruction byte is to be fetched by the 8085 when 8085 gets busy to fetch current instruction from memory PC is incremented by one PC is now pointing to the address of next instruction
5. Stack Pointer Register
a 16-bit memory pointer register Points to a location in Stack memory Beginning of the stack is defined by loading a 16-bit address in stack pointer register
3.Instruction Set of 8085
Consists of 74 operation codes, e.g. MOV 246 Instructions, e.g. MOV A,B 8085 instructions can be classified as 1. Data Transfer (Copy) 2. Arithmetic 3. Logical and Bit manipulation 4. Branch 5. Machine Control
1. Data Transfer (Copy) Operations
1. 2. 3. 4. Load a 8-bit number in a Register Copy from Register to Register Copy between Register and Memory Copy between Input/Output Port and Accumulator 5. Load a 16-bit number in a Register pair 6. Copy between Register pair and Stack memory
Example Data Transfer (Copy) Operations / Instructions
1. Load a 8-bit number 4F in register B 2. Copy from Register B to Register A 3. Load a 16-bit number 2050 in Register pair HL 4. Copy from Register B to Memory Address 2050 5. Copy between Input/Output Port and Accumulator MVI B, 4FH MOV A,B LXI H, 2050H MOV M,B
OUT 01H IN 07H
2. Arithmetic Operations
1. Addition of two 8-bit numbers 2. Subtraction of two 8-bit numbers 3. Increment/ Decrement a 8-bit number
Example Arithmetic Operations / Instructions
1. Add a 8-bit number 32H to Accumulator 2. Add contents of Register B to Accumulator 3. Subtract a 8-bit number 32H from Accumulator 4. Subtract contents of Register C from Accumulator 5. Increment the contents of Register D by 1 6. Decrement the contents of Register E by 1 ADI 32H ADD B SUI 32H SUB C
INR D
DCR E
3. Logical & Bit Manipulation Operations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. AND two 8-bit numbers OR two 8-bit numbers Exclusive-OR two 8-bit numbers Compare two 8-bit numbers Complement Rotate Left/Right Accumulator bits
Example Logical & Bit Manipulation Operations / Instructions
1. Logically AND Register H with Accumulator 2. Logically OR Register L with Accumulator 3. Logically XOR Register B with Accumulator 4. Compare contents of Register C with Accumulator 5. Complement Accumulator 6. Rotate Accumulator Left
ANA H ORA L
XRA B
CMP C CMA RAL
4. Branching Operations
These operations are used to control the flow of program execution 1.Jumps
Conditional jumps Unconditional jumps Conditional Call & Return Unconditional Call & Return
2.Call & Return
Example Branching Operations / Instructions
1. Jump to a 16-bit Address 2080H if Carry flag is SET 2. Unconditional Jump 3. Call a subroutine with its 16-bit Address 4. Return back from the Call 5. Call a subroutine with its 16-bit Address if Carry flag is RESET 6. Return if Zero flag is SET JC 2080H JMP 2050H CALL 3050H RET CNC 3050H
RZ
5. Machine Control Instructions
These instructions affect the operation of the processor. For e.g. HLT Stop program execution NOP Do not perform any operation
4. Writing a Assembly Language Program
Steps to write a program Analyze the problem Develop program Logic Write an Algorithm Make a Flowchart Write program Instructions using Assembly language of 8085
Program 8085 in Assembly language to add two 8bit numbers and store 8-bit result in register C.
1. Analyze the problem
Addition of two 8-bit numbers to be done
2. Program Logic
Add two numbers Store result in register C Example 10011001 (99H) A +00111001 (39H) D 11010010 (D2H) C
3. Algorithm
1. Get two numbers 2. Add them 3. Store result 4. Stop
Translation to 8085 operations
Load 1st no. in register D Load 2nd no. in register E Copy register D to A Add register E to A Copy A to register C
Stop processing
4. Make a Flowchart
Start
Load Registers D, E
Load 1st no. in register D Load 2nd no. in register E Copy register D to A Add register E to A Copy A to register C Stop processing
Copy D to A Add A and E Copy A to C
Stop
5. Assembly Language Program
1. Get two numbers
a) Load 1st no. in register D b) Load 2nd no. in register E
MVI D, 2H MVI E, 3H MOV A, D ADD E MOV C, A
HLT
2. Add them
a) Copy register D to A b) Add register E to A
3. Store result
a) Copy A to register C
4. Stop
a) Stop processing
Program 8085 in Assembly language to add two 8bit numbers. Result can be more than 8-bits.
1. Analyze the problem
Result of addition of two 8-bit numbers can be 9-bit Example 10011001 (99H) A +10011001 (99H) B 100110010 (132H) The 9th bit in the result is called CARRY bit.
How 8085 does it?
Adds register A and B Stores 8-bit result in A SETS carry flag (CY) to indicate carry bit
10011001 99H
A
+ B A
10011001
99H 32H 99H
1 0 CY
00110010 10011001
Storing result in Register memory
CY
A
10011001 32H
Register B
Register C
Step-1 Copy A to C Step-2
a) Clear register B b) Increment B by 1
2. Program Logic
1. Add two numbers 2. Copy 8-bit result in A to C 3. If CARRY is generated Handle it 4. Result is in register pair BC
3. Algorithm
1. Load two numbers in registers D, E 2. Add them
Translation to 8085 operations
Load registers D, E Copy register D to A Add register E to A
3. Store 8 bit result in C 4. Check CARRY flag 5. If CARRY flag is SET Store CARRY in register B
Copy A to register C Use Conditional Jump instructions
Clear register B Increment B
6. Stop
Stop processing
4. Make a Flowchart
Start
Load Registers D, E
If CARRY NOT SET
False
Clear B Increment B
Copy D to A
True
Add A and E Copy A to C
Stop
5. Assembly Language Program
Load registers D, E Copy register D to A Add register E to A
Copy A to register C Use Conditional Jump instructions
Clear register B Increment B
MVI D, 2H MVI E, 3H MOV A, D ADD E MOV C, A JNC END
Stop processing
MVI B, 0H INR B END: HLT
4. Addressing Modes of 8085
Format of a typical Assembly language instruction is given below[Label:] Mnemonic [Operands] [;comments] HLT MVI A, 20H MOV M, A ;Copy A to memory location whose address is stored in register pair HL LOAD: LDA 2050H ;Load A with contents of memory location with address 2050H READ: IN 07H ;Read data from Input port with address 07H
The various formats of specifying operands are called addressing modes Addressing modes of 8085
1. 2. 3. 4. Register Addressing Immediate Addressing Memory Addressing Input/Output Addressing
1. Register Addressing
Operands are one of the internal registers of 8085 ExamplesMOV A, B ADD C
2. Immediate Addressing
Value of the operand is given in the instruction itself ExampleMVI A, 20H LXI H, 2050H ADI 30H SUI 10H
3. Memory Addressing
One of the operands is a memory location Depending on how address of memory location is specified, memory addressing is of two types
Direct addressing Indirect addressing
3(a) Direct Addressing
16-bit Address of the memory location is specified in the instruction directly ExamplesLDA 2050H ;load A with contents of memory
location with address 2050H
STA 3050H ;store A with contents of memory
location with address 3050H
3(b) Indirect Addressing
A memory pointer register is used to store the address of the memory location ExampleMOV M, A ;copy register A to memory location
whose address is stored in register pair HL
H
A
30H 20H
L
50H
2050H 30H
4. Input/Output Addressing
8-bit address of the port is directly specified in the instruction ExamplesIN 07H OUT 21H
5. Instruction & Data Formats
8085 Instruction set can be classified according to size (in bytes) as
1. 1-byte Instructions 2. 2-byte Instructions 3. 3-byte Instructions
1. One-byte Instructions
Includes Opcode and Operand in the same byte Examples-
Opcode
Operand
Binary Code
Hex Code
MOV ADD HLT
C, A B
0100 1111 1000 0000 0111 0110
4FH 80H 76H
1. Two-byte Instructions
First byte specifies Operation Code Second byte specifies Operand ExamplesOpcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code
MVI
A, 32H
MVI
B, F2H
0011 1110 0011 0010 0000 0110 1111 0010
3EH 32H 06H F2H
1. Three-byte Instructions
First byte specifies Operation Code Second & Third byte specifies Operand ExamplesOpcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code
LXI
H, 2050H
LDA
3070H
0010 0001 0101 0000 0010 0000 0011 1010 0111 0000 0011 0000
21H 50H 20H 3AH 70H 30H
2. Two-byte Instructions
