MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE

Hydraulics
Engineering 6713
Problems & Solutions
Dr. Leonard Lye
Professor of Civil Engineering

TUTORIAL 1
TURBULENT PIPE FLOW
1. In a chemical processing plant it is desired to deliver benzene at 50C (rel. density 0.86) to
point B with a pressure of 550 KN/m2. A pump is located at point A 21 m below point B, and the
2 points are connected by 240 m of plastic pipe having an inside diameter of 50 mm. If the
volume flow rate is 110 liters/min, calculate the required pressure at the outlet of the pump.
How much would the required pressure change if welded steel pipes are used instead of plastic
pipes? ( = 0.00042 N-s/m2).
B

EL = 0 m
PA=?

EL = 21 m
PB = 550 KN/m2
L = 240 m
D = 50 mm
= 0.00042 Ns/m2
= 0.86 * 1000 = 800 kg/m3

Q 110L / min 0.001833 m3 / s

Q 0.001833
v
0.934 m / s
A
0.05 2

4
vD 860 0.934 0.05
Re

95624 9.56 10 4

0.00042
From Moody diagram for smooth pipes, = 0.018
Therefore h f 0.018

240 0.934 2

3.84 m
0.05
2g

Applying Bernoulli between A & B:

PA PB

21 h f
g g
PA 550 10 3

21 3.84 90.03 m
g 860 9.81
PA 860 9.81 90.03 759.6 KN / m2
If welded steel pipes are used, = 0.000046 m
Therefore

0.000046
0.00091
0.05

From Moody diagram, with Re = 9.56 104 and

0.00091 ,

240 0.934 2

4.70 m
0.05
2g
PA 860 9.81 90.89 766.8 KN / m2

= 0.022 and h f 0.022

2. What diameter of cast iron pipe would be required to ensure that a discharge of 0.20 m3/s
would not cause a head loss in excess of 0.01 m/ 100 m of pipe length? Assume water
temperature of 20C.

Q 0.2 m3 / s ,

hf
L

0.01
, 0.000244 m
100

From the Darcy-Weisbach equation,

L v2
D 2g
100
0.2 2
4f
0.01 f

5
2
D D 2
D 12.1026

2 g
4
f
0.01 0.3305 5
D
5
--------- (1)
D 33.05 f
hf f

Re

vD

0.000244
D

0.2
D
252878

2
6
D
D
1.007 10

--------- (2)

--------- (3)

Assume = 0.02 (arbitrary value)

D 0.92 m
From (1)
From (2)
Re 2.74 105
From (3)

0.00027

From Moody diagram, new = 0.017

D 0.89 m
From (1)
From (2)
Re 2.84 105
From (3)

0.000274

From Moody diagram, new = 0.017 (closest one can read)

Therefore D 0.89 m

3. A 2000 m long commercial steel pipeline of 200 mm diameter conveys water at 20C between
two reservoirs, as shown in the Figure below. The difference in water level between the
reservoirs is maintained at 50 m. Determine the discharge through the pipeline. Neglect the
minor losses.
(1)
hf = 50m
(2)

0.045mm

L = 2000 m

D 200mm

Applying Bernoulli between (1) and (2):

0 0 50 0 0 0 h f
Therefore,

L v2
2000 v 2
f

D 2g
0.2 2 g
0.0981 fv 2
0.0981
--- (1)
v2
f
vD
v 0.2
Re

198610v --- (2)

1.007 10 6
0.045

0.000225
D
200

50 f

Assume flow is in fully rough zone, with

From (1), v 2.557 m/s
From (2), Re 5.08 10 5

0.000225 , f 0.015

From Moody diagram, new f 0.016

From (1), v 2.476 m/s
From (2), Re 4.92 10 5
From Moody diagram, new f 0.016
Therefore Q 2.476

0.2 2
0.078 m3/s
4

4. Compare answers for Q1, Q2, and Q3 using explicit equations.

5. Use the Hazen-Williams and Mannings equations to solve Q1, Q2, and Q3.
6. Use Flowmaster to solve Q1, Q2, and Q3.
4

TUTORIAL 2
SIMPLE PIPE PROBLEMS AND MINOR LOSSES
1. A 6-km-long, new cast-iron pipeline carries 320 litres/s of water at 30C. The pipe diameter is 30
cm. Compare the head loss calculated from (a) the Hazen-Williams formula, (b) the Manning
formula, and (c) the Darcy-Weisbach formula.

L 6000 m, Q 0.32 m3/s, D 300 mm, 0.804 10 6 m2/s, 0.000244 m, C HW 130 ,

Mannings n 0.011
a) Hazen-Williams formula

Q 0.278 C HW D 2.63 S 0.54

0.32 0.278 130 0.32.63 S 0.54

S 0.54 0.21
hf
S 0.0556
6000
Therefore h f 333.6 m
b) Manning formula

3
S 2
R S
v
n
n
Q
0.32
v
4.527 m/s
A
0.3 2

4
2

0.1778 S 2
4.527
0.011
h
S 0.0784 f
6000
Therefore h f 470.4 m
c) Darcy-Weisbach formula

L v2
6000 4.527 2
f
20890.65 f
D 2g
0.3 2 g

4.527 0.3
0.00081 , Re
1.7 10 6
6
D
0.804 10
From Moody diagram, f 0.019
Therefore h f 0.019 20890.65 396.9 m
hf f

2. Two reservoirs 1200 m apart are connected by a 50 cm smooth concrete pipe. If the two
reservoirs have an elevation difference of 5 m, determine the discharge in the pipe by (a) the
Hazen-Williams formula, (b) the Manning formula, and (c) the Darcy-Weisbach formula.

5m

L = 1200 m
D = 0.5 m
a. Hazen-Williams formula:
Q 0.278 C HW D 2.63 S 0.54
Q 0.278 140 0.5 2.63 (5 / 1200) 0.54
Q = 0.326 m3/s

b. Manning formula:

D
Q VA 4

D 2
4

0.125 3 51200 2 0.52

Q

0.011

Q = 0.288 m3/s

c. Darcy-Weisbach formula:

0.9mm
0.0018
D
500
h f 5 , 1.007 10 6 m2/s (assume 20C water)

Using Swamee and Jains explicit equation for Q,

9.81 0.5 5 0.0018 1.784 1.007 10 6

2
Q = 0.965 0.5
ln

3.7
1200
9.81 0.5 5

0.5
1200

Q = 0.034489 ln 0.0004865 0.000025133

Q = 0.261 m3/s

3. An old pipe 2 m in diameter has a roughness of =30mm. A 12-mm-thick lining would reduce the
roughness to =1mm. How much in annual pumping costs would be saved per kilometer of pipe
for water at 20C with discharge of 6 m3/s? The pumps and motors are 80% efficient, and power
costs 4 cents per kilowatt-hour.

6
1.91 m/s
22

4
1000 1.912
h

92.96 f m/km
Head loss of old pipe = f
2
2g

30
vD
1.91 2

0.015 , Re

3.8 10 6
6
D 2000
1.007 10
Old pipe: D = 2 m, =30mm, v

From Moody diagram, f 0.044

Therefore, h f 92.96 0.044 4.09 m/km
New pipe D = 2000 24 = 1.976 m, = 1 mm, v

6
1.957 m/s
1.976 2

1000 1.957 2
hf f

98.739 f m/km
1.976
2g

1
vD 1.957 1.976

0.000506 , Re

3.84 10 6
D 1976

1.007 10 6
From Moody diagram, f 0.017
Therefore, h f 98.739 0.0165 1.679 m/km
Saving in head = 4.09 1.679 = 2.411 m/km

Qh
Energy = Power x Time =

365 24

9.81 6 2.411
365 24 1554.212 KW
0.8

Therefore annual savings = 1554.2 x $ 0.04 = $ 62168/km

4. What size commercial steel pipe is needed to convey 200 L/s of water at 20C 5 km with a head
drop of 4 m? The line connects two reservoirs, has a reentrant entrance, a submerged outlet,
four standard elbows, and a globe valve.
(1)
Reentrant
entrance

4m

Standard elbows

(2)
Globe valve

Q = 0.2 m3/s
Submerged
outlet

Applying Bernoulli between 1 and 2:

0 0 4 0 0 0 he 4helbows hGV ho h f
v2
v2
v2
v2
L v2
4 ke
k elbows
k GV
ko
f
2g
2g
2g
2g
D 2g
k e 1.0 , k elbows 0.9 , k GV 10.0 , k o 1.0
Therefore,

v2
5000
1.0 4 0.9 10.0 1.0 f

2g
D
v2
f
4
15.6 5000
2g
D
Q
0.2 4 0.2546
v

2
D
D2
D2

4
4

Therefore,

0.2546 2
f
78.48
15.6 5000 ---------(1)
4
D
D

0.000046

---------(2)
D
D
vD
0.2546
256830
Re

6
--------- (3)

D
D 1.007 10
1.01121 6.4821
,
from
(1)
f

0
.
02
78
.
48

Assume
D4
D5
By trial and error D 0.62 m

5
From (2), 0.000074 , Re 4.14 10 f 0.0145
D
1.01121 4.69953

From (1), 78.48

D 0.583 m
D4
D5

From (2),
0.000079 , Re 4.4 105
D
8

New f 0.0145 , therefore D 0.583 m

Note: Equivalent length method would have been easier

5. What is the equivalent length of 50 mm diameter pipe, f=0.022, for (a) a re-entrant pipe
entrance, (b) a sudden expansion from 50 mm to 100 mm diameter, (c) a globe valve and a
standard tee?

f 0.022 , D 50 mm
kD
Le
f
a.

k 1.0 for re-entrant pipe entrance.

0.05
Therefore, Le 1
2.27 m
0.022

b. Sudden expansion from 50 mm to 100 mm.

2

D 2
50 2
1
1
k 1
0.5625
D2
100
0.5625 0.05
Therefore Le
1.278 m
0.022
c.

k 10.0 for globe valve, k 1.8 for standard tee.

Therefore K 11.8
0.05
Le 11.8
26.82 m
0.022

6. Solve Q1 and Q1 using Flowmaster.

TUTORIAL 3
EGL, HGL, AND PIPES IN SERIES
1. Sketch the energy grade line and the hydraulic grade line for the compound pipe shown below.
Consider all the losses and the change in velocity and pressure heads.
EGL
HGL

2. Two sections of cast-iron pipe connected in series bring water from a reservoir and discharge it
into air at a location 100 m below the water surface elevation in the reservoir through a globe
valve. The first pipe section is 400 mm diameter and is 1000 m long, and the second pipe section
is 200 mm diameter and 1200 m long. If the water temperature is 10C, and square connections
are used, determine the discharge. Sketch the EGL and HGL.
(A)

he
2

v1
2g
D1 = 0.4 m
L1 = 1000 m

hc

v2
2g

D2 = 0.2 m
L2 = 1200 m

Energy between (A) and (B):

2

he h f 1 hc h f 2

v
hv 2 100
2g

v
1000 v1
he 0.5 1 , h f 1 f1

2g
0.4 2 g
2

v
hc 0.33 2
2g

k c 0.33 (assumption)
2

hf 2 f2
2

hv k v

1200 v2

0.2 2 g
2

v2
v
10 2
2g
2g

10

100 m

(B)

Therefore,
2

100 (1 10 f 2

v
1200
1000
v
0.33) 2 f1
0.5 1
0.2
2g
0.4
2g

From continuity,

A1V1 A2V2

0.42 v1 0.22 v2
4
4
Substituting for v1 , we get:

1962
11.36 156.25 f1 6000 f 2
vD
v 0.4
Re1 1 1 1
7.63 10 4 v2
6
1
1.31 10
v D
v 0.2
Re 2 2 2 2
1.53 10 5 v2
6
2
1.31 10

v2
2

1
D1

2
D2

0.00065 f1 0.0178
0.0013

f 2 0.0205

Solving for v 2 ,

1962
11.36 156.25(0.0178) 6000(0.0205)
v2 3.78 m/s
v1 0.25 3.78 0.94 m/s
Re1 7.63 10 4 3.78 2.88 105 f1 0.019
Re 2 1.53 105 3.78 5.78 105 f 2 0.021
v2
2

Use new values of f 1 and f 2 to calculate v 2 ,

1962
11.36 156.25(0.019) 6000(0.021)
v2 3.739 m/s
v1 0.25 3.739 0.935 m/s
v2
2

Re1 7.63 10 4 3.739 2.85 105 f1 0.019

Re 2 1.53 105 3.739 5.72 105 f 2 0.021
Therefore, Q v1 A1 v2 A2 3.739

0.2 2
4

0.117 m3/s 0.12m3/s

11

3. Two new cast-iron pipes in series connect two reservoirs. Both pipe are 300 m long and have
diameters of 0.6 m and 0.4 m, respectively. The elevation of water surface in reservoir A is 80 m.
The discharge of 10C water from reservoir A to reservoir B is 0.5 m3/s. Find the elevation of the
surface of reservoir B. Assume a sudden contraction at the junction and a square-edge entrance.
80 m
H

Q = 0.5 m3/s
L1 = 300 m
D1 = 0.6 m

L2 = 300 m
D2 = 0.4 m

0.5
1.77 m/s
0.6 2

4
0.5
v2
3.98 m/s
0.4 2

4
vD
1.77 0.6
Re1 1 1
8.08 10 5

1.31 10 6
v D
3.98 0.4
Re 2 2 2
1.22 10 6

1.31 10 6
v1

A1

0.00043 ,

0.00065
D1
D2
f1 0.017 , f 2 0.018 , from Moody diagram
Bernoulli between two reservoirs,
2

H 0.5

v1
v
v
v
300 v1
0.017

0.24 2 0.018 2 2
2g
0.6 2 g
2g
2g 2g

1.77 2
300 1.77 2
3.98 2
300 3.98 2 3.98 2
0.017

0.24
0.018

2g
0.6
2g
2g
0.4
2g
2g
H 0.0798 1.357 0.1938 10.899 0.807
H 13.337 m
H 0.5

Therefore, the surface elevation of reservoir B = 80-13.337 = 66.66 m

12

4. Pipeline AB connects two reservoirs. The difference in elevation between the two reservoirs is
10 m. The pipeline consists of an upstream section, D1 = 0.75 m and L1 = 1500 m, and a
downstream section, D2 = 0.5 m and L2 = 1000 m. The pipes are cast-iron and are connected endto-end with a sudden reduction of area. Assume the water temperature at 10C. Compute the
discharge capacity using the graphical approach.
See figure of previous problem except different lengths and diameters.
Bernoulli between two reservoirs,
2

H 0.5

From continuity,

v1 A1 v2 A2
0.75 2
0.5 2
v1
v2
4
4
v2 2.25v1
Substituting for v 2 in (1)

H 0.35 101.94 f1 516.05 f 2 v1

H 0.35 101.94 f1 516.05 f 2

Q 2 (4) 2

0.75

2 2

H 5.1234Q 2 0.35 101.94 f1 516.05 f 2

D1

v1
v
v
1500 v1
1000 v2
f1

0.24 2 f 2

2 --- (1)
2g
0.75 2 g
2g
0.5 2 g 2 g

0.00035 ,

D2

0.00052

Assume Q = 0.5 m3/s:

0.5
1.132m / s
0.75 2

4
v1 D1 1.132 0.75
Re1

6.48 10 5
6

1.31 10
v2 D2 2.546 0.5
Re 2

9.71 10 5
6

1.31 10

Therefore v1

Therefore H = 14.304 m

v2 2.546m / s

f1 0.015
f 2 0.018

too high

Assume Q = 0.4 m /s

v1 0.9054m / s
Re1 5.18 10 5
Re 2 7.78 10 5

v2 2.037m / s
f1 0.016
f 2 0.0175

Therefore H = 9.03 m too low

13

H (m) vs. Q (m3/s)

From the graph, Q = 0.42 m3/s for H = 10 m

14

TUTORIAL 4
HYDRAULICS 6713
BRANCHING PIPES AND PIPE NETWORKS
1. A two-loop pipe network has node designations as shown below. Inflows of 0.4 m3/s and 0.45
m3/s enter points A and B, respectively. Equal withdrawals are made at points C, D, and F. The
pipe characteristics are as follows:
Pipe
AB
BC
AF
BE
CD
DE
EF

Length (m)
500
400
650
750
700
550
900

Diameter (m)
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.35
0.4
0.5
0.6

Loop 1

Loop 2

0.4 m3/s

Friction factor
0.017
0.016
0.014
0.015
0.013
0.016
0.015

0.45 m3/s
L = 500, D = 0.4, f = 0.017

A
L = 650,
D = 0.5,
f = 0.014

B
1 +

0.28333 m3/s

L = 400, D = 0.5, f = 0.016

L = 750,
D = 0.35,
f = 0.015

2 +

L = 700,
D = 0.4,
f = 0.013

0.28333 m3/s
F
0.28333 m /s
3

L = 900, D = 0.6, f = 0.015

L = 550, D = 0.5, f = 0.016

15

Trial 1
Loop
1

Pipe
AB
BE
EF
AF

R
68.619
177.067
14.352
24.072

BC
CD
DE
EB

16.93
73.462
23.279
177.067

Pipe
AB
BE
EF
AF

R
68.619
177.067
14.352
24.072

BC
CD
DE
EB

16.93
73.462
23.279
177.067

Pipe
AB
BE
EF
AF

R
68.619
177.067
14.352
24.072

BC
CD
DE
EB

16.93
73.462
23.279
177.067

Q
0.4
0.4
0.28333
0

hL
10.979
28.331
1.152
0
40.462
Q = 0.198
0.45
3.428
0.16667
2.041
-0.1166
-0.317
-0.202
-7.225
-1.439
Q = -0.0123

2hL/Q
54.895
141.655
8.13186
0
204.6819
0.198
15.237
24.492
5.435
71.535
116.699
-0.0123

new Q
0.202
0.202
0.08533
-0.198

Q
0.202
0.1897
0.08533
-0.198

hL
2.7999
6.3719
0.1045
-0.9437
8.3326
Q = 0.07796
0.4623
3.6183
0.17897
2.353
-0.1043 -0.2535
-0.1117 -2.2108
3.507
Q = 0.0406

2hL/Q
27.72178
67.1787
2.449314
9.532323
106.8821
0.077961
15.65347
26.29491
4.858183
39.57043
86.377
0.040601

Q
0.12404
0.15234
0.00737
-0.2759

2hL/Q
new Q
17.02306 0.084586
53.9488 0.112886
0.211669 -0.03208
13.28584 -0.31541
84.46936
0.039454
14.27878 0.40115
20.32984 0.11782
6.749034 -0.16551
39.97821 -0.13344
81.33586
0.02055

0.4623
0.17897
-0.10436
-0.1897

Trial 2
Loop
1

new Q
0.124039
0.111739
0.007369
-0.27596

0.421699
0.138369
-0.14496
-0.15234

Trial 3
Loop
1

hL
1.05577
4.10928
0.00078
-1.8331
3.33265
Q = 0.03945
0.4217 3.01068
0.13837 1.40652
-0.1449 -0.4891
-0.1128 -2.2565
1.67146
Q = 0.02055
16

Trial 4
Loop
1

Pipe
AB
BE
EF
AF

R
68.619
177.067
14.352
24.072

BC
CD
DE
EB

16.93
73.462
23.279
177.067

Pipe
AB
BE
EF
AF

R
68.619
177.067
14.352
24.072

BC
CD
DE
EB

16.93
73.462
23.279
177.067

Q
0.08459
0.13344
-0.0320
-0.3154

hL
0.491
3.1529
-0.0147
-2.3948
1.23433
Q = 0.01646
0.40115 2.7244
0.11782 1.01977
-0.1655 -0.6376
-0.1169 -2.4230
0.68344
Q = 0.00854

2hL/Q
new Q
11.60894 0.068126
47.2557 0.116976
0.920823 -0.04854
15.18531 -0.33187
74.97077
0.016464
13.58295 0.39261
17.31064 0.10928
7.705758 -0.17405
41.42657 -0.12552
80.02592
0.00854

Q
0.06813
0.12552
-0.0485
-0.3318

2hL/Q
9.350066
44.45092
1.39349
15.97752
71.172
0.005946
13.29375
16.05582
8.103419
42.34373
79.79672
0.003135

Trial 5
Loop
1

hL
0.31851
2.78974
-0.0338
-2.6512
0.4232
Q = 0.00595
0.39261 2.60963
0.10928 0.87729
-0.1740 -0.7052
-0.1195 -2.5315
0.2502
Q = 0.003135

To three decimal places, the final flow values are:

AB = 0.062 m3/s
BC = 0.390 m3/s
CD = 0.106 m3/s
DE = -0.177 m3/s
EF = -0.054 m3/s
AF = -0.338 m3/s
EB = -0.123 m3/s

17

new Q
0.062184
0.119574
-0.05449
-0.33782

0.389475
0.106145
-0.17719
-0.12271

2. Determine the flow into and out of each reservoir in the Figure below if the connecting pipes are
made of the same material with = 0.05 mm and water temperature at 20C. The pipe
characteristics are as follows:
Reservoir
A
B
C

Elevation (m)
100
80
70

Pipe
a
b
c

Length (m)
3000
4000
5000

Diameter (m)
0.8
1.2
0.6

A
a

Try both the iterative method and the graphical method.

Plotting first few points from table:
90

85

80

75

70
-2

-1

P 81.4 m
(Assume fully turbulent flows, correct for when near correct answer)

18

100

80
a

b
J
Assume fully turbulent flow

Initial estimates:

0.05
= 800 = 6.3 105 , = 0.011, = 8.3212

= 1200 = 4.2 105 , = 0.010 , = 1.3282

0.05

0.05
600

= 8.3 105 , = 0.0115, = 61.099

Trial 1 (assume P = 90 m)
= 2 = 100 90 = 10
= 2 = 90 80 = 10
= 2 = 90 70 = 20
So,
10
=
8.3212
10
=
1.3283
20
=
61.099

= 1.096
= 2.744 ()
= 0.572 ()

= 2.219

Continue trial with a smaller P.

e.g. Trial 4, P = 81.5 m
= 1.491
= 1.063 ()
= 0.434 ()

19

70
C

 = 0.0055

Now check Re and get new s.

= 2.25 106
= 9.97 105
= 8.56 105

new = 0.0121
= 0.0125
= 0.0131

= 9.1533
= 1.6603
= 69.60

With P = 81.5 m,
= 0.0646
Try P = 81.7 m
= 0.0079
Try P = 81.68 m
= 1.4147
= 1.0059 ()
= 0.4097 ()
= 0.00084 ( )
Should check Re and get new s. But it should be very similar to last values.

3. Four pipes are connected in parallel. Their characteristics are as follows:

Pipe No.
1
2
3
4

Diameter (m)
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60

Length (m)
3000
3000
3000
3000

Roughness (mm)
0.06
0.06
0.09
0.09

Determine the discharge through each pipe if the total flow is 1.4 m3/s. Assume that the pipe
flow is fully turbulent.
Total flow = 1.4 m3/s

20

Four pipes in parallel.

[1]
Q = 1.4 m3/s

[2]

Q = 1.4 m3/s

[3]
[4]

Assume fully turbulent flows,

1
1

= 0.0004, 1 = 0.016, 1 = 52228.42

2
2

= 0.0002, 2 = 0.014 , 2 = 1428.12

3
3

= 0.0002, 3 = 0.016, 3 = 214.93

4
4

= 0.00015, 4 = 0.016, 4 = 51.00

= 1.4 3 /
1

1 =
1

; 2 =
2

; 3 =
3

; 4 =
4

Or
2

1
1

1
=

1
1

1
52228.42

1
1

1
1

1
+
2
1428.12

1.42
1

1
+
2
214.93

1
+
2
51.00

= 34.29
Therefore,
1 = 0.026

3
3
3
, 2 = 0.155
, 3 = 0.399
, 4 = 0.82 3 /

21

2
1

4. Two reservoirs have a difference in elevation of 6 m and are connected by a pipeline which
consists of a single 600 mm diameter pipe 3000 m long, feeding a junction from which 2 pipes,
each 300 mm diameter and 3000 m long, lead in parallel to the lower reservoir. If = 0.04,
calculate the flow rate between reservoirs.

6m

D2 = 300 mm
L2 = 3000m
D1 = 600 mm
L1 = 3000m
f = 0.04

Q1 Q2 Q 3

8 f1 L1Q1

2 gD15
8 f 2 L2 Q2

2 gD2 5

Q3

------(1)

8 f 2 L2 Q2

Q2

Q1

2 gD2 5
8 f 3 L3Q3

------(2)

------(3a)

2 gD3 5

Since f 2 f 3 , L2 L3 , D2 D3 , so Q2 Q3
From (2)

127.51Q1 4080.34Q2 6
2

------(3b)

------(4)

From (1) and (3b), Q1 2Q2

Substitute into (4):

127.51 4Q2 4080.34Q2 6

2

Therefore Q2 0.0013071 , Q2 Q3 0.0362 m3/s, and Q1 2Q2 0.0723 m3/s

2

5. Solve Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 using WaterCad.

22

TUTORIAL 5
HYDRAULICS 6713
UNIFORM FLOWS IN OPEN CHANNELS
1. The cross-section of a canal is as shown below. The canal slope is 1/4000.

2m

1:3

1:3

3m
a. Determine the discharge if Chezys C is 60 m/s.

Q AC RS
1
A 3 3 2 2 32 18m 2
2
P 3 2 4 36 15.65m
A
R 1.15m
P
Therefore,

Q 18 60 1.15 0.00025 18.31

m3
s

b. Determine the discharge if Mannings n is 0.025.

2

AR 3 S
Q
n

18 1.15

0.00025
0.025
3

12.50

m3
s

c. What value of C corresponds to n=0.025?

1

R 6 1.15 6
m 2
C

40.9
n
0.025
s
d. What value of n corresponds to C = 60 m/s?
1

R 6 1.15
n

60
60

0.017

2. A trapezoidal canal has a bottom width of 5 m, side slopes of 1:2 and a slope of 0.0004.
Mannings n is 0.014. The depth is 2 m. Determine the discharge.
2

AR 3 S
Q
n

23

A 5 5 2 2 2 18m 2
P 5 2 4 16 13.944m
R 1.29m
Therefore,
2

18 1.29 3 0.0004
Q
0.014

30.49

m3
s

3. Calculate for the same canal as in Problem 2 the water depth when the discharge is 75 m3/s.
Answer must be accurate to the nearest cm.
2

AR 3 S
Q
n

Since A and R are functions of depth, rearranging Mannings eqn.

Qn
S

AR 3 , where the LHS is known = 52.50

A 5 5 4y

1
10 4 y y 5 y 2 y 2
2

P 5 2 y2 4y2 5 2y 5
10 4 y
R
5 2y 5

m3
Since Q > 30.49
(from Q2), y must be > 2 m.
s
y
3
4
3.1
3.2
3.11

A
33
52
34.72
36.48
34.89

P
18.42
22.89
18.86
19.31
18.91

R
1.792
2.272
1.841
1.889
1.846

R
1.475
1.728
1.502
1.528
1.505

A R
48.68
89.87
52.15
55.75
52.50

Ans: y = 3.11 m
4. A reinforced concrete aqueduct of rectangular cross-section is to be designed to carry 10 m3/s
with a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the water depth and the width of the cross-section so that
the required slope of the aqueduct is minimized.

y
b
24

Q VA
10 2 A , A 5m 2
For minimum slope, P must be minimized for a given cross section.

5
2y
y
dP 5
2 20
dy
y

2y2 5
Therefore,

y 1.582m
b 3.162m
5. Design a trapezoidal cross-section canal with an area of 60 m2, a hydraulic radius of 2 m, and
side slopes of 1:3.

1:3

A 60m 2
R 2m

1:3

Side slope = 1:3

A
, therefore
P

P 30m B 2 y 2 9 y 2 B 2 y 10 ------------------- (1)

1
A 60 ( B B 2 3 y) y By 3 y 2 ------------------- (2)
2
From (1), multiplying by y, we get:
By 6.325 y 2 30 y ------------------- (3)
(3) (2) gives:

3.325 y 2 30 y 60 0
30 900 4 3.325 60 30 10.1

2 3.325
6.650
y 6.053m (not feasible) or 2.992m

Therefore, B 30 6.325 2.992 11.08m

6. Solve Q1, Q2, and Q3 using Flowmaster.

25

TUTORIAL 6
HYDRAULICS 6713
ENERGY CONCEPTS IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
1. Water is flowing in a rectangular channel at a velocity of 3 m/s and a depth of 2.5 m. Determine
the changes in water surface elevation for the following alterations in the channel bottom:
a. An increase (upward step) of 20 cm, neglecting losses.
(1)

TEL

(2)

y1

y2
h = 0.2 m

m
s
y1 2.5m

v3

Check whether flow is sub or supercritical.

Fr1

v
gy

3
9.81 2.5

0.61 , subcritical (water level will drop or encounter a hump)

E1 h E2

q2
q2
y1
0.2 y 2
2
2
2 gy1
2 gy 2

2.5

(3 2.5) 2
(3 2.5) 2

0
.
2

2
2
2 9.81 2.5 2
2 9.81 y 2

2.959 0.2 y 2
2.759 y 2

5.734
2
2 y2

2.867
3
2
f ( y 2 ) y 2 2.759 y 2 2.867 0
2
or
y2

Using Newtons Method:

y 2,n y 2, 0

f ( y2 )
2
f ' ( y 2 ) 3 y 2 5.518 y 2
,
where
f ' ( y2 )

26

y2,0
2.0
2.175
2.128
2.123
Therefore, y2 = 2.123 m

f(y2)
-0.169
0.104
0.0096
0.0005

f(y2)
0.964
2.190
1.843
1.807

y2,n
2.175
2.128
2.123
2.123

b. The maximum increase allowable for the specified upstream flow conditions to
remain unchanged, neglecting losses.

yc

3
q2
1.79m , Ec 1.79 2.684m
2
g

Therefore,

max h E1 Ec 2.959 2.684 0.274m

c. A well-designed decrease (downward step) of 20 cm.

E1 0.2 E2

2.959 0.2 y 2

7.5 2
2
2 gy 2

2.867
3
2
f ( y 2 ) y 2 3.159 y 2 2.867 0
2 , or
y2

3.159 y 2

f ' ( y 2 ) 3 y 2 6.318 y 2
2

y2,0

f(y2)

f(y2)

y2,n

2.7

-0.479

4.811

2.8

2.8

0.052

5.830

2.79

2.79

-0.0053

5.725

2.791

2.791

0.0004

5.735

2.791

Therefore, y2 = 2.791 m

27

2. Water is flowing in a rectangular channel whose width is 5 m. The depth of flow is 2 m and the
discharge is 25 m3 /s. Determine the changes in depth for the following alterations in the
channel width:
a. An increase of 50 cm, neglecting losses.

q1

5m

5.5 m

q2

(1)
(2)

Q 25

m3
b1 5m
s ,

Therefore,

q1 5m 3 / s / m , y1 2m
Check:

Fr

0.56 , subcritical therefore with decrease in q, depth increases

gy 3

Neglecting energy losses, E1 E2

E1 y1

q2

q2
2 gy 1

q
25
2.319m y 2 2
2
2 gy 2
2g 2

25
4.545m 3 / s / m
5.5

Therefore,

4.545 2
3
2
f ( y 2 ) y 2 2.319 y 2 1.053 0
2 , or
2 gy 2

2.319 y 2

f ' ( y 2 ) 3 y 2 4.638 y 2
2

y2,0

f(y2)

f(y2)

y2,n

2.0

-0.223

2.724

2.08

2.08

0.019

3.332

2.074

2.074

-0.0009

3.2852

2.074

y 2 2.074m

28

b. A decrease of 25 cm, assuming a well-designed transition.

A decrease in width means an increase in depth.

E1 E2

2.319 y 2

25 / 4.752
2 gy 2

f ( y 2 ) y 2 2.319 y 2 1.419
3

f ' ( y 2 ) 3 y 2 4.638 y 2
2

y2,0

f(y2)

f(y2)

y2,n

2.0

0.143

2.724

1.948

1.948

0.0112

2.3493

1.943

1.943

-0.00049

2.3141

1.943

y 2 1.943m
c. The maximum decrease allowable for the specified upstream flow conditions to
remain unchanged, neglecting losses.
For no change in upstream flow condition, y c

2
E 1.546m
3

Maximum q at section 2 should be,

qm 2 g 1.546 2 (0.773) 6.02m 3 / s / m

Therefore,

bc

Q
25

4.152m
q 6.02

Therefore,
Maximum decrease

5 4.152 0.848m

29

3. A lake discharges into a steep channel. At the channel entrance the lake level is 2.5 m above the
channel bottom. Neglecting losses, find the discharge for the following geometries:

E1

2.5 m

yc

(2)
(1)
a. Rectangular section, b = 4 m.

b 4m
Rectangular channel.
At the channel entrance, depth =yc
Assuming no losses , E1 Ec (since v =0)
1
Therefore, y c

2
2
Ec 2.5 1.667m
3
3

At critical flow, q

gyc 9.81 1.667 3 6.74m 3 / s / m

3

3
Therefore, Q 6.74 4 26.96m / s

b. Trapezoidal section, b = 3 m, side slopes = 1:2.5.

B
yc

1: 2.5

3m
2

v
Q2
Ec y c c y c
2g
2 gA 2
At critical depth,

Q2B
1
gA 3

1
2.5 2.5yc 2
A
2
yc
Therefore, Ec y c
2B
23 2.5 2.5 y c
3 yc

2.5 y c

3 y c 2.5 y c
6 10 y c

15 25 yc 6 yc 10 yc 3 yc 2.5 yc
2

30

12.5 yc 16 yc 15 0
2

16 256 4 15 12.5 16 31.72

1.909m
25
25
A 3 1.909 2.5 1.909 2 14.83m 2
B 6 10 1.909 25.09m

Therefore, y c

gA3
9.81 14.833
m3

35.71
B
25.09
s

31

TUTORIAL 7
HYDRAULICS 6713
MOMENTUM CONCEPTS IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
1. A 3 m wide rectangular channel carries 15 m3/s of water at 0.6 m depth before entering a
hydraulic jump. Compute the downstream water depth and the critical depth.

15
5m 3 / s / m
3

Critical depth, y c

v1

q 2 3 52

1.60m
g
9.81

q
5

8.33m / s
y1 0.6

Fr1

y2

8.33
g 0.6

3.43 , supercritical

y1
0.6
2
1 8 3.432 1 4.38m
1 8Fr1 1

2
2

2. A long rectangular channel 3 m wide carries a discharge of 15 m3 /s. The channel slope is 0.004
and the Mannings roughness coefficient is 0.01. At a certain point in the channel where the
flow reaches the normal depth,
a. Determine the state of the flow. Is it supercritical or subcritical?

15
5m 3 / s / m
3
From question 1, yc 1.60m
q

AR 3 S 2
Q

From Mannings eqn,

n
A
y1b
b 3m
A1 y1b , R1 1
P1 2 y1 b ,
3 y1
1
Therefore, 15 0.01 3 y1 2 y 3
1

Solving for y1, y1 1.08m , Fr1

23

q
gy 3

0.0041 2
1.42

Since y1 y c , flow is supercritical.

32

b. If a hydraulic jump takes place at this depth, what is the sequent depth at the jump?

y1
1.08
2
1 8 1.42 2 1 1.698m
1 8Fr1 1

2
2

y2

c. Estimate the energy head loss through the jump.

3

y 2 y1
Head loss E

y1 y 2

0.623
4 1.7 1.08

0.032m

Or P QE 9810 15 0.032 4709W

3. A spillway, as shown, has a flow of 3 m3 /s per meter of width occurring over it. What depth y2
will exist downstream of the hydraulic jump? Assume there is no energy loss over the spillway.

5m
y2
y1
(0)

(1)

For no losses:

y0

q2
q2

1
2
2
2 gy 0
2 gy1

32
32
5
y1
2
2g52
2 gy1
y1 0.312m

Fr1

q
gy1

g 0.312 3
y

1
Therefore, y 2 2

5.49

1 8 5.49 1 2.27m
2

33

(2)

TUTORIAL 8
HYDRAULICS 6713
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CULVERTS
1. A rectangular concrete conduit is to be used as a culvert on a slope of 0.02. The culvert is 15 m
long and has a cross-section of 2.13 m x 2.13 m. If the tail water elevation is 1.8 m above the
crown at the outlet, determine the head water elevation necessary to pass a 10 m3/s discharge.
Assume a square-edged entrance (Ke = 0.5).

hL

HW

TW
1.8 m

Q = 10 m3/s
SoL

2.13 m
S = 0.02

outlet control

L 15m
n 0.013

K e 0.5
R

2.132
0.5325m
4 2.13

A 2.132 4.5369m 2

hL TW S o L HW
hL HW TW S o L
hL HW 3.93 0.02 15
hL HW 3.63

34

2.13 m
2.13 m


Q2
n2 L
hL K e 4 2 g 1
2
R 3

2 gA

0.013 2 15
10 2

hL 0.5

2
g

1
4
2 g 4.5369 2
0.5325 3

hL 0.5 0.1152 1 0.24762

hL 0.39995m
Therefore,

HW 3.63 0.39995 4.03m

HWelevation 4.03 0.3 4.33m

[Using Culvert Master, HW elevation = 4.327m]
(see attached printout)

2. A culvert is 11 m long and has upstream and downstream inverts of 263.4 and 263.1 meters,
respectively. The downstream tailwater is below the downstream pipe invert.
a. For a square-edged entrance and Mannings n of 0.013, what is the minimum diameter
for a concrete circular culvert (in mm) required to pass 1.4 m3/s under a roadway with a
maximum allowable headwater elevation of 265.2 m?
b. What is the headwater elevation for the selected culvert?

265.2 m
h
265.4 m D

Q = 1.4 m3/s

263.1 m TW

For the given condition Inlet control

Use orifice equation,

Q Cd A 2 gh

35

D
D

h 265.2 263.4 1.8

2
2

Assume Cd 0.62
1.4 0.62

D 2

2 g 1.8
4
2

Squaring both sides and simplifying,

1.96 4.6532 D 4 1.8

2

-----------(1)

By trial, D 0.736m
Closest size available is probably 0.75m,
Therefore use D 0.75m
With D 0.75m , from (1)

0.75

1.96 4.6532 0.75 4 HW

HW 1.7062m
Or HWelevation 265.106m
Using Culvert Master, D 0.75m , HWelvation 265.131m
Reason for the difference is that Culvert Master uses a slightly different form of equation for inlet
control (if Cd = 0.61, we get the same answer as Culvert Master).

3. Twin 1220 by 910 mm box culverts (n = 0.013, 90 and 15 wingwall flares entrance) carry 8.5
m3/s along a 31 m length of pipe constructed at a 1.0 percent slope. The tailwater depth is 0.61
m.
a. What is the headwater depth?
b. Are the culverts under inlet or outlet control conditions?
Best to use Culvert Master:

36

a. Headwater depth = 2.634 m (remember to subtract the upstream invert elevation from the
headwater elevation).
b. Culvert under inlet control.
[See attached printout from Culvert Master]

4. A 12.2 m long 920 by 570 mm concrete arch pipe (n =0.013, groove-end with headwall entrance)
constructed at a 0.8 percent slope carries 1.84 m3/s.
a. If there is a constant tailwater depth of 0.3 m, what is the headwater depth for both
inlet and outlet control conditions?
b. Is the culvert flowing under inlet or outlet control conditions?
c. What would be the result if the tailwater was 0.5 m deeper?
Use Culvert Master:
a. Inlet control headwater depth is 2.34 m, outlet control headwater depth is 2.13 m.
b. Culvert is flowing under inlet control.
c. If TW is 0.5 m deeper, we get outlet control and headwater depth is 2.36 m.
[See printouts from Culvert Master]

5. Twin culverts are proposed to discharge 6.5 m3/s. The culverts will be 36.6 m long and have
inverts of 20.1 and 19.8 m. The design engineer analyzed the following three culvert systems.
Which of the following proposed culverts will result in the highest headwater elevation? The
lowest? Tailwater elevation is below the downstream invert. [Hint: Use Culvert-Master to either
solve the problems or use it to check your solutions].
a. 1200 mm circular concrete pipes (n = 0.013, square-edged entrance);
b. 1200 x 910 mm concrete box culverts (n = 0.013, 90 and 15 wingwall flares entrance);
c. 1630 x 1120 mm steel and aluminum arches (n = 0.025 and Ke= 0.5).
Use Culvert Master:
a. 1200 mm circular concrete pipes (n = 0.013, Ke = 0.5), HW elevation = 21.92 m
b. 1220 x 910 mm concrete box culverts (n = 0.013, 90 and 15 wingwall flares entrance), HW
elevation = 21.94 m.
c. 1630 x 1120 mm steel and aluminum arches (n= 0.025, Ke = 0.5), HW elevation = 21.70 m.
d. Therefore, box culverts have the highest headwater; the arches have the lowest.
(See attached printouts from Culvert Master).

37

TUTORIAL 9
HYDRAULICS 6713
PUMPS
1. From the manufacturers data, a pump of 254 mm impeller diameter has a capacity of 76 L/s at
a head of 18.6 m when operating at a speed of 900 rpm. It is desired that the capacity be about
95 L/s at the same efficiency. Determine the adjusted speed of the pump and the corresponding
head.

D1 254mm , Q1 76l / s , H 1 18.6m , N1 900rpm , Q2 95l / s

Therefore,

H
Q2
N
1.25 2 2
Q1
N1 H 1

1
2

N 2 1.25 900 1125rpm

H 2 1.25 2 18.6 29.06m

2. The following performance curves were obtained from a test on a 216 mm double entry
centrifugal pump moving water at a constant speed of 1350 rpm:
Q (m3/min)
H (m)

0
12.2
0

0.454
12.8
0.26

0.905
13.1
0.46

1.36
13.4
0.59

1.81
13.4
0.70

2.27
13.1
0.78

2.72
12.2
0.78

3.8
9.0
0.74

Plot H vs. Q and vs. Q. If the pump operates in a system whose demand curve is given by H =
5+ Q2, find the operating point of the pump and the power required. In the demand curve, Q is
given in m3/min.

38

22
20
18
16

H (m)

14
operating point

12
10

Pump Curve

System Curve

6
4
2
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Q (m3/s)

100

80

60

40

Efficiency

20

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Q (m3/s)

m3
H 12.2m , 0.78
min ,
QH
2.72
1
Input power =
9810
12.2
6.96 KW

60
0.78
At operating point, Q 2.72

39

3.5

3. With reference to the pump data in Problem 2, if the pump is run at 1200 rpm, find the
discharge, head, and required power.

N1 1350rpm , N 2 1200rpm
1

N 2 1200 Q2 H 2 2 P2 3
0.89

N1 1350 Q1 H 1
P1
Therefore,

Q2 0.89 2.72 2.42

m3
min

H 2 0.89 2 12.2 9.66m

P2 0.893 6.96 4.91KW

4. Water is pumped between two reservoirs in a pipeline with the following characteristics: D =
300 mm, L = 70 m, = 0.025, K = 2.5. The radial flow pump characteristic curve is approximated
by the formula:
Hp = 22.9 + 10.7Q 111Q2
Where Hp is in meters and Q is in m3/s. Determine the discharge Q and pump head H for the
following situations:
a. Total static head = 15 m, one pump placed in operation;
b. Total static head = 15 m, with two identical pumps operating in parallel;
c. Total static head = 25 m.
System Curve:
2
0.81 fLQ 2 K Q
H p Hs

g D 5
D4

H p Hs

0.81 0.025 70 Q 2 2.5 Q 2

9.81
0.35
0.34

H p H s 84.95Q 2
Pump Curve:

H p 22.9 10.7Q 111Q 2

a.

H s 15m

(one pump)
40

Operating point when:

15 84.95Q 2 22.9 10.7Q 111Q 2

Or,

195.95Q 2 10.7Q 7.9 0

QD

10.7 10.7 2 4 195.95 7.9 10.7 79.41

m3

0.23
2 195.95
391.9
s

Therefore, operating head,

H o 15 84.95 0.232 19.49m

b. For two pumps in parallel:
2

Q
Q
H p 22.9 10.7 111 22.9 5.35Q 27.75Q 2
2
2
Equating this to the system curve,

15 85Qo 22.9 5.35Qo 27.75Q0

2

112.8Qo 5.35Qo 7.9 0

2

Qo 0.29

m3
s

Therefore,

H o 15 85 0.29 2 22.2m
c. Since the static head is greater than the single pump shut off head (ie. 25 > 22.9), it is
necessary to operate with two pumps in series. The combined pump curve is:

H 2 22.9 10.7Q 111Q 2 45.8 21.4Q 222Q 2

The system demand curve is changed since Hs = 25m. It becomes:

H o 25 85Q 2
Equating the pump curve and system curve, we get:

25 85Qo 45.8 21.4Qo 222Qo

2

307Qo 21.4Qo 20.8 0

2

Qo 0.3

m3
s

Therefore,

H o 25 85 0.32 32.7m

41

5. A pumping system is to deliver 28.3 L/s of water at 15C. The suction line is 152 mm in diameter
in a 91 m long cast iron pipe. The suction inlet is 6 m above the reservoir level. The atmospheric
pressure of 101 kPa exists over the reservoir. The required NPSH of the pump is 2 m. Determine
whether the system will have a cavitation problem. (Vapour pressure at 15C is 16.8 kPa,
kinematic viscosity of water is 1.14 x 10-6 m2/s).

Patm Pv

NPSH

H s hL

Q
0.0283
m

1.56
A
s
2
0.152
4
vD 1.56 0.152
Re

2.08 10 5
6

1.14 10
0.00024

0.0016
D
0.152

From Moody Diagram, f 0.023

hf

fL v 2 0.023 91 1.56 2

1.708m
D 2g
0.152
2g

Minor losses, (assume 1 exit and 1 bend)

K 0.5 0.9 1.4

Therefore,

v 2 1.4 1.56 2
hm 1.4

0.174m
2g
2g
And,

NPSH

101 1.68
6 1.708 0.174 2.24m
9.81

Since NPSH > 2m (required), there is no cavitation problem.

42