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    Communication Satellites Bring The World To You Anywhere and Any Time .

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    Saad Ahsan
    Communication satellites bring the world to you anywhere and any time. They have been used for communication since the 1950s, starting with early satellites like Sputnik and Echo. Modern satellite systems support applications like global telephone networks, television and radio broadcasting, GPS navigation, and mobile communication services. The design of satellite links involves considering factors like transmit power, antenna gains, path losses, noise levels, and margins to ensure reliable communication. Key orbit types used include low-earth orbit, medium-earth orbit, and geostationary orbits.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Communication Satellites Bring The World To You Anywhere and Any Time .

    Uploaded by

    Saad Ahsan
    24 views51 pages
    Communication satellites bring the world to you anywhere and any time. They have been used for communication since the 1950s, starting with early satellites like Sputnik and Echo. Modern satellite systems support applications like global telephone networks, television and radio broadcasting, GPS navigation, and mobile communication services. The design of satellite links involves considering factors like transmit power, antenna gains, path losses, noise levels, and margins to ensure reliable communication. Key orbit types used include low-earth orbit, medium-earth orbit, and geostationary orbits.

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    Design of satellite

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    designofthesatellitelink-140211061213-phpapp01

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    Communication satellites bring the world to you anywhere and any time. They have been used for communication since the 1950s, starting with early satellites like Sputnik and Echo. Modern satellite systems support applications like global telephone networks, television and radio broadcasting, GPS navigation, and mobile communication services. The design of satellite links involves considering factors like transmit power, antenna gains, path losses, noise levels, and margins to ensure reliable communication. Key orbit types used include low-earth orbit, medium-earth orbit, and geostationary orbits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    24 views51 pages

    Communication Satellites Bring The World To You Anywhere and Any Time .

    Uploaded by

    Saad Ahsan
    Communication satellites bring the world to you anywhere and any time. They have been used for communication since the 1950s, starting with early satellites like Sputnik and Echo. Modern satellite systems support applications like global telephone networks, television and radio broadcasting, GPS navigation, and mobile communication services. The design of satellite links involves considering factors like transmit power, antenna gains, path losses, noise levels, and margins to ensure reliable communication. Key orbit types used include low-earth orbit, medium-earth orbit, and geostationary orbits.

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    Communication satellites bring

    the world to you anywhere and


    any time..
    AJAL.A.J

    UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR680123


    Department of ECE

    EC09 L05: Satellite Communication

    Module 3

    Satellite Link
    Design

    01/16/16

    History of satellite communication


    1945 Arthur C. Clarke publishes an essay about Extra
    Terrestrial Relays
    1957 first satellite SPUTNIK
    1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHO
    1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOM
    1965 first commercial geostationary satellite Satellit Early Bird
    (INTELSAT I): 240 duplex telephone channels or 1 TV
    channel, 1.5 years lifetime
    1976 three MARISAT satellites for maritime communication
    1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A
    1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data
    communication INMARSAT-C
    1993 first digital satellite telephone system
    1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones

    01/16/16

    01/16/16

    ELIPTICAL ORBIT

    01/16/16

    Applications

    Traditionally
    weather satellites
    radio and TV broadcast satellites
    military satellites
    satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)

    Telecommunication
    global telephone connections
    replaced by fiber optics
    backbone for global networks
    connections for communication in remote places or underdeveloped areas
    global mobile communication

    satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems (e.g., GSM or


    AMPS)

    Orbits
    GEO (Inmarsat)
    HEO

    MEO (ICO)

    LEO
    (Globalstar,
    Irdium)

    inner and outer Van


    Allen belts
    earth
    1000
    10000

    Van-Allen-Belts:
    ionized particles
    2000 - 6000 km and
    15000 - 30000 km
    above earth surface

    35768
    km

    LEO systems
    Orbit 500 - 1500 km above earth surface
    visibility of a satellite ca. 10 - 40 minutes
    global radio coverage possible
    latency comparable with terrestrial long distance
    connections, ca. 5 - 10 ms
    smaller footprints, better frequency reuse
    but now handover necessary from one satellite to another
    many satellites necessary for global coverage
    more complex systems due to moving satellites
    Examples:
    Iridium (start 1998, 66 satellites)

    Bankruptcy in 2000, deal with US DoD (free use,


    saving from deorbiting)

    Globalstar (start 1999, 48 satellites)

    Not many customers (2001: 44000), low stand-by times for mobiles

    LEO
    S

    Picture from [1]

    ISL Inter Satellite Link


    GWL Gateway Link
    UML User Mobile Link
    01/16/16

    10

    ISL (Inter Satellite Links)


    Intra-orbital links: connect
    consecutive satellites on the same
    orbits
    Inter-orbital links: connect two
    satellites on different orbits

    01/16/16

    11

    MEO systems
    Orbit ca. 5000 - 12000 km above earth surface
    comparison with LEO systems:
    slower moving satellites
    less satellites needed
    simpler system design
    for many connections no hand-over needed
    higher latency, ca. 70 - 80 ms
    higher sending power needed
    special antennas for small footprints needed
    Example:
    ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit, Inmarsat) start ca. 2000

    Bankruptcy, planned joint ventures with Teledesic, Ellipso cancelled


    again, start planned for 2003

    Geostationary Earth Orbits (GEO)


    Orbit 35,786 km distance to earth surface, orbit in equatorial plane
    (inclination 0)
    complete rotation exactly one day, satellite is synchronous to earth
    rotation
    fix antenna positions, no adjusting necessary
    satellites typically have a large footprint (up to 34% of earth surface!),
    therefore difficult to reuse frequencies
    bad elevations in areas with latitude above 60 due to fixed position
    above the equator
    high transmit power needed
    high latency due to long distance (ca. 275 ms)
    not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data
    transmission, typically used for radio and TV transmission

    Classical satellite systems

    Inter Satellite Link


    (ISL)

    Mobile User
    Link (MUL)

    Gateway Link
    (GWL)

    MUL
    GWL

    small cells
    (spotbeams)

    base station
    or gateway

    footprint

    ISDN
    PSTN: Public Switched
    Telephone Network

    PSTN

    User data

    GSM

    01/16/16

    15

    01/16/16

    16

    01/16/16

    17

    01/16/16

    18

    19

    Design of the Satellite Link

    Figure : Critical Elements of the Satell

    20

    LNB (LOW NOISE BLOCK DOWN CONVERTER)


    A device mounted in the dish, designed to amplify the satellite
    signals and convert them from a high frequency to a lower
    frequency. LNB can be controlled to receive signals with
    different polarization. The television signals can then be
    carried by a double-shielded aerial cable to the satellite
    receiver while retaining their high quality. A universal LNB is
    the present standard version, which can handle the entire
    frequency range from 10.7 to 12.75 GHz and receive signals
    with both vertical and horizontal polarization.
    Demodulator
    A satellite receiver circuit which extracts or "demodulates" the
    "wanted "signals from the received carrier.
    Decoder
    A box which, normally together with a viewing card, makes it
    possible to view encrypted transmissions. If the transmissions
    are digital, the decoder is usually integrated in the receiver.
    recorded video information to be played back using a
    television receiver tuned to VHF channel 3 or 4.
    01/16/16

    21

    Modulation
    The process of manipulating the frequency or
    amplitude of a carrier in relation to an incoming
    video, voice or data signal.
    Modulator
    A device which modulates a carrier. Modulators are
    found as components in broadcasting transmitters
    and in satellite transponders. Modulators are also
    used by CATV companies to place a baseband
    video television signal onto a desired VHF or UHF
    channel. Home video tape recorders also have
    built-in modulators which enable the

    01/16/16

    22

    How Satellites are used


    23

    Service Types

    Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)

    Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)

    Example: Point to Point Communication


    Example: Satellite Television/Radio
    Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).

    Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)

    Example: Satellite Phones

    Elevation
    Elevation:
    angle between center of satellite beam
    and surface

    minimal elevation:
    elevation needed at least
    to communicate with the satellite

    t
    n
    i
    pr
    t
    o
    fo

    24

    Satellite Foot print

    01/16/16

    25

    Objective of a link analysis

    Link analysis determines properties


    of satellite equipment (antennas,
    amplifiers, data rate, etc.)
    Two links need to be planned
    Uplink from ground to satellite
    Downlink from satellite to
    ground
    Two way communication 4 links
    (two way maritime communications)
    One way communication 2 links
    (example TV broadcast)
    Two links are not at the same
    frequency
    Two links may or may not be in the
    same band
    Fixed / broadcast satellite
    services usually same band
    Mobile satellite services may
    use different bands
    In some systems satellite links may
    be combined with terrestrial returns
    Page 26

    One way
    communication

    Two way
    communication

    26

    Elements of a satellite link

    Transmit power
    TX antenna gain
    Path losses
    Free space
    TX/RX antenna losses
    Environmental losses
    RX antenna gain
    RX properties
    Noise temperature
    Sensitivity (S/N and ROC)
    Design margins required to
    guarantee certain reliability

    Page 27

    Note: satellite signals are usually very


    weak requires careful link budget
    planning

    27

    Free space path loss transmit


    side

    Free Space Path Losses (FSPL) due to dispersion


    of EM wave energy
    Antenna used to focus the energy of the wave in
    the direction of the receiver
    Note: antenna gain is usually quoted in the
    direction of radiation maximum. For other
    direction need to use the actual radiation pattern
    Page 28

    Power flux in the


    direction of maximum
    radiation

    PT GT
    W
    4R 2

    28

    01/16/16

    29

    01/16/16

    30

    Free space path loss


    receive side
    Received power

    PR W Ae

    PT GT
    Ae
    2
    4R

    Using

    2
    Ae
    GR
    4
    One obtains
    Effective antenna gain (effective aperture)

    Ae A A
    A aperture efficiency of the antenna (50-90%)

    PT GT GR
    PR
    4R / 2
    FSPL equation

    FSPL 4R /
    Page 31

    31

    Additional losses

    Additional losses
    Misalignment of the
    antennas
    Atmospheric losses
    Radome losses
    The additional losses are taken
    into account through
    appropriate design margins
    Typical design margin 5-10dB
    Component accuracy
    Operating frequency
    Required reliability

    Link equation

    PR EiRP GR FSPL AL

    AL additional losses
    Page 32

    32

    Shannon capacity
    formula

    Shannon capacity formula


    establishes fundamental limits on
    communication
    In the case of AWGN channel

    C B log 2 1
    N

    C capacity of the channel in bits/sec


    B bandwidth of the channel in Hz
    S/N signal to noise ratio (linear)
    Define = R/B - bandwidth utilization in
    bps/Hz, where R is the information rate in
    bps.

    E R
    C
    log 2 1 b
    R
    N0 B

    E
    log 2 1 b
    N0

    Page 33

    Minimum energy per bit normalized


    to noise power density that is
    required for a given spectrum
    utilization

    Eb
    Eb
    2 1
    min

    N0

    N0
    Note: is the fundamental
    measure of spectrum
    utilization. Ultimate goal of
    every wireless
    communication system is to
    provide largest for a give
    set of constraints.

    33

    01/16/16

    34

    EIRP

    10/02/14

    35

    01/16/16

    36

    37

    Frequencies &
    Wavelengths

    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    38

    RF Bands, Names & Users

    39

    ELEVATION ANGLE

    40

    41

    Propagation Effects and


    their impact

    42

    DVB-S

    43

    44

    45

    45

    46

    47

    48

    49

    Satellite Link Design


    50

    Thank you

    51

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