Raymond A.
Serway
Chris Vuille
Chapter Two
Motion in One Dimension
Kinematics definitions
Kinematics branch of physics; study of
motion
Position (x) where you are located
Distance (d ) how far you have traveled,
regardless of direction
Displacement (x) where you are in
relation to where you started
Dynamics
The branch of physics involving the motion of
an object and the relationship between that
motion and other physics concepts
Kinematics is a part of dynamics
In kinematics, you are interested in the description
of motion
Not concerned with the cause of the motion
Introduction
Displacement
x final position
xo initial position
x x xo displacement
The displacement x is a vector that points from the initial position to the final
position. SI Unit of Displacement: meter (m)
Distance vs. Displacement
You drive the path, and your odometer goes up by 8
miles (your distance).
Your displacement is the shorter directed distance
from start to stop (green arrow).
What if you drove in a circle?
start
stop
Distance
Speed, Velocity, & Acceleration
Speed (v) how fast you go
Velocity (v) how fast and which way;
the rate at which position changes
Average speed ( v ) distance / time
Acceleration (a) how fast you speed
up, slow down, or change direction;
the rate at which velocity changes
Distance and Displacement
Starting from origin, O a person walks 90-m east, then turns around and walks
40-m west.
Q: What is the total walked distance?
Q: What is the displacement?
A: 130-m
A: 50-m, due east
Displacement Examples
From A to B
xi = 30 m
xf = 52 m
x = 22 m
The displacement is positive, indicating the motion
was in the positive x direction
From C to F
xi = 38 m
xf = -53 m
x = -91 m
The displacement is negative,
indicating the motion was in
the negative x direction Section 2.1
Displacement,
Graphical
Section 2.1
Average Velocity
Average velocity
Displacement
Elapsed time
x x o x
v
t to
t
Units for velocity: m/s, MPH, kmPH.
point
x (m)
t (s)
12
10
E
D
(x6, t6 )
B
0
(x1, t1 )
(x0, t0 )
(x3, t3 )
(x5, t5 )
(x4, t4 )
F
A
(x2, t2 )
point
x (m)
t (s)
12
10
the specific features of the motion of
objects are demonstrated by the shape and
the slope of the lines on a position vs. time
graph.
To begin, consider a car moving with a constant, rightward
(+) velocity - say of +10 m/s.
Now consider a car moving with a rightward (+),
changing velocity - that is, a car that is moving
rightward but speeding up or accelerating.
Positive Velocity
Changing Velocity (acceleration)
Constant Velocity
Positive Velocity
Slow, Rightward(+)
Constant Velocity
Fast, Rightward(+)
Constant Velocity
Slow, Leftward(-)
Constant Velocity
Fast, Leftward(-)
Constant Velocity
Acceleration
Acceleration how fast you speed up, slow
down, or change direction; its the rate at
which velocity changes.
Negative Acceleration
A negative acceleration does not necessarily
mean the object is slowing down
If the acceleration and velocity are both
negative, the object is speeding up
Deceleration means a decrease in speed,
not a negative acceleration
Section 2.3
Velocity & Acceleration Sign Chart
VELOCITY
A
C
C
E
L
E
R
A
T
I
O
N
Moving forward;
Moving backward;
Speeding up
Slowing down
Moving forward;
Moving backward;
Slowing down
Speeding up
Acceleration due to Gravity
Near the surface of the
Earth, all objects
accelerate at the same
rate (ignoring air
resistance).
This acceleration
vector is the
same on the way
up, at the top,
and on the way
down!
a = g = -9.8 m/s2
9.8 m/s2
Interpretation: Velocity decreases by 9.8 m/s each second,
meaning velocity is becoming less positive or more
negative. Less positive means slowing down while going
up. More negative means speeding up while going down.
Kinematics Formula Summary
For 1-D motion with constant acceleration:
Motion Diagram Summary
Section 2.4
Free Fall
A freely falling object is any object moving freely
under the influence of gravity alone
Free fall does not depend on the objects original motion
All objects falling near the earths surface fall with a
constant acceleration
The acceleration is called the acceleration due to
gravity, and indicated by g
Section 2.6
Acceleration due to Gravity
Symbolized by g
g = 9.80 m/s
When estimating, use g 10 m/s2
g is always directed downward
Toward the center of the earth
Ignoring air resistance and assuming g doesnt vary
with altitude over short vertical distances, free fall is
constantly accelerated motion
Section 2.6
Combination Motions
Section 2.6
In 1865 Jules Verne proposed sending men to the
Moon by firing a space capsule from a 220-m-long
cannon with final speed of 10.97 km/s.
What would have been the unrealistically large
acceleration experienced by the space travelers during
their launch?
How much time did it took for the capsule to go from
rest to 10.97 km/s
#28 p.51
= 10,970 /
= 0 /
= 220
2 2
=
2
2 2
=
2
10,970/ 2 02
=
= 273502 / 2
2(220)
=
=
=
10,970/
=
= 0.04
273,502/ 2
A truck covers 40.0 m in 8.50 s
while uniformly slowing down to a
final velocity of 2.80 m/s.
(a) Find the trucks original speed.
(b) Find its acceleration.
#29 p.51
A Cessna aircraft has a liftoff
speed of 120 km/h.
(a) What minimum constant
acceleration does the aircraft
require if it is to be airborne after
a takeoff run of 240 m?
(b) How long does it take the
aircraft to become airborne?
#31 p.52
In a test run, a certain car
accelerates uniformly from zero to
24.0 m/s in 2.95 s.
(a) What is the magnitude of the
cars acceleration?
(b) How long does it take the car to
change its speed from 10.0 m/s to
20.0 m/s?
#33 p.52
A train is traveling down a straight
track at 20 m/s when the engineer
applies the brakes, resulting in an
acceleration of -1.0 m/s2 as long
as the train is in motion.
How far does the train move
during a 40-s time interval
starting at the instant the brakes
are applied?
#37 p.52
A ball is thrown vertically upward
with a speed of 25.0 m/s.
(a) How high does it rise?
(b) How long does it take to reach
its highest point?
(c) How long does the ball take to
hit the ground after it reaches its
highest point?
(d) What is its velocity when it
returns to the level from which it
started?
#45 p.52
A baseball is hit so that it travels
straight upward after being struck
by the bat. A fan observes that it
takes 3.00 s for the ball to reach
its maximum height.
Find (a) the balls initial velocity
and
(b) the height it reaches.
#54 p.53
