Voltage Stability based DG Placement Through

Modal analysis in Distributed network

M.s.v.Phanikumar
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
S.R.K.R.Engineering College,
Bhimavaram,India
msv.phani@gmail.com
Abstract Voltage instability has been given much attention
in the power system in recent years, as it is being regarded as one
of the major problems in power system insecurity. To maintain a
stable and secure operation of a power system is therefore a very
important and is becoming a challenging issue. The voltage
collapse problem is studied by using steady state analysis. Based
on voltage stability analysis the DG placement problem is solved.
The analysis is performed for IEEE 3 Bus system, and 33 Bus
system. The Modal Analysis method is used to observe the
stability of the power system. Stability margin Prediction or
distance to voltage collapse is based on the load demand. Then,
for each system the most critical mode is identified. The bus,
which contributes the most to the critical mode, is considered as
weakest bus and is identified using the participation factor. The
remedial measure is applied to prevent the voltage collapse.
Keywords Modal analysis;Distribured Generation;voltage
collapse;participation factor

A. INTRODUCTION
In recent years power systems are having tendency to fail
due to load variation, ever increased load demands, etc. Due
to these variations, the power systems are becoming diffident.
The problem has taken with increased attention. The power
systems voltage instability is increasing the losses in power
systems, and with increase in losses, the cost of power systems
is becoming more and more. Reduction in voltage stability
may develop severe problems in the power system, which
might lead to system collapse in the form of sudden voltage
dips at the load buses. Due to any disturbance, regardless of its
nature, voltage at a particular bus drops intensively thereby
forcing the voltage at nearly load buses to drop gradually to a
state of voltage collapse. Voltage collapse problem has been
one of the major problems facing by the electric power
utilities. This problem is also considered as a main concern in
power system operation and planning. It can be characterized
by a continuous decrease in the system voltage. In the initial
stage the decrease of the system voltage starts gradually and
thereby decreases rapidly. To improve voltage stability
distributed generation is used.
Distributed generation (DG) is going to play a major role in
power systems worldwide. The importance of DGs in future
smart grids increases considering the fact that DGs will have a
role in system security, reliability, efficiency, and quality as

P.Kanta Rao Ph.D

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
S.R.K.R.Engineering College,
Bhimavaram, India
dr.pkantarao@gmail.com
well. To clear voltage stability problems, as a cause of the
most recent blackouts the DGs capability can be used.
Considering that most DGs are located at the distribution
level, determination of the best locations for installing DGs
to maximize their benefits is very important in system design
and expansion. In this paper, a DG placement problem is
solved by using voltage stability technique
i.e., modal
analysis, while the objective is to maximize the VSM and
simultaneously minimize the losses. There are many
advantages of installing DGs in distribution systems. Some of
these advantages are listed below.
- Postponing the upgrade of an existing system.
- Peak shaving.
- Reduction of power losses.
- Low maintenance cost.
- High reliability.
- Power quality improvement in some cases.
- Meeting the increasing demand without requirement of
extravagant investment.
- Shorter construction schedules
B. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Voltage stability is defined as the ability of power system to
maintain steadily acceptable bus voltages at each node under
normal operating conditions, after load increase following
system configuration changes or when the system is being
subjected to disturbances. Basically, voltage stability can be
classified into large-disturbance voltage stability and smalldisturbance voltage stability. The former is concerned with a
system's ability to control voltages following large
disturbances such as system faults, loss of generation, or
circuit contingencies. The latter is concerned with a system's
ability to control voltages following small perturbations such
as incremental changes in system load. Thus, the progressive
and uncontrollable drop in voltage as a result of increase in
load demand, or change in system operation conditions could
result eventually in a wide spread voltage collapse. And the
voltage stability is of 2 types i.e.; short term and long term
voltage stability.

A. MODAL ANALYSIS
Modal analysis can predict voltage collapse in power system
networks. It involves mainly the computing of the smallest
Eigen values and associated eigenvectors of the reduced
Jacobian matrix obtained from the load flow solution. The
Eigen values are associated with a mode of voltage and
reactive power variation, which can provide a relative measure
to voltage instability. Then, the participation factor can be
used effectively to find out the weakest nodes or buses in the
system. The weakest bus in the system can be found by using
the participation factor values. The participation factor values
can be found from the Eigen vectors of Eigen values. The
procedure is explained as below.
The linearized steady state system power voltage equations
are given by

[ ][

][ ]

P = J P J PV
Q
J Q J QV V

J R =J QV J Q J P J PV
.(2)
and

Q=J R V

.(3)
1

V =J R Q

.
..(5)

Then, inverting (5) yields

1

J =

.(6)

and substituting (6) in (4) results in

V =1 Q

(7)

( ii i) Q

V =
i

1=i ,(7) may be written as

V = 1 Q

Since,

.
(9)
By defining v= V
as the vector of modal voltage
variation and q= Q as the vector of modal reactive
power variation, one can write uncoupled first-order equations
as
v = 1 q
.(10)

qi

instability of the system. The magnitude of i indicated a

relative degree of instability of the ith modal voltage. The
smaller the magnitude of a positive, the closer the th modal
voltage is to being unstable. The voltage collapses when
i=0 , because any change in the modal reactive power
causes an infinite change in the modal voltage.
B. PARTICIPATION FACTOR
The relative contribution of the power at bus in mode is
given by the bus participation factor

Pki= ki ki

Participation factors determine most critical areas

which lead the system to instability. Usually, the higher
magnitude of the participation factor of a bus in a specific
mode, the better the remedial action on that bus in stabilizing
the mode.

right eigenvector matrix of J_R

left eigenvector matrix of J_R
diagonal eigenvalue matrix of J_R
1
R

and
mode of the Q-V response is defined by the ith eigenvalue
i , and the corresponding right and left eigenvectors and

i >0, the ith modal voltage and the ith modal reactive
If
power variations move in the same direction, indicating
voltage stability of the system; whereas i <0 refers to

Considering , P=0 the reduced Jacobian matrix is obtained

as

J R =

i is the ith row of the left eigenvector of J R ,

i is the ith column of the right eigenvector. The ith

thus for the ith mode , we have

v i= (1/ i )
.(11)

Where,
P = Incremental change in bus real power
Q = Incremental change in bus reactive power
= Incremental change in bus voltage angle
V = Incremental change in bus voltage

Or
.(4)
Let

where

.(8)

C. CALCULATION OF EIGEN VALUES

AND EIGEN VECTORS OF J R
An algorithm for calculating the minimum singular
value and the corresponding left and right singular vectors, for
the reduced Jacobian matrix is as follows.
1. Firstly the Jacobian matrix for the given load flow is
formed.
2. Next the reduced Jacobian matrix is obtained
3. The right and left Eigen vectors of a reduced Jacobian
matrix are to be founded.
4. The Eigen values are obtained from the reduced Jacobian
matrix.
5. For minimum Eigen value of the bus find the participation
factors for the corresponding mode and bus.

6. The process is Repeated for all buses at the mode, bus with
maximum participation factor, indicates the weakest bus.
III.
DG PLACING
1. DG PLACEMENT SIZE
Let a Dg be placed at bus m and be a set of
branches connected between the source and Dg unit buses. If
the Dg unit is placed at bus x the consists of branches x1,
x2, x n . The Dg unit supplies real current I real and for
radial network it changes only the active component of current
of branch set . The current of other branches is not affected
by the Dg unit. The new active component of current
Iai (new) = Iai+Di * IDG
.
(12)

The candidate buses for DG placement are obtained

by the method , through a voltage stability-based algorithm.
The modal analysis is then executed and some critical modes
and their participating buses are determined. The number of
modes that must be studied is determined according to the
size, topology, and other conditions of the considered system.
The higher the number of eigenvalues, the more
comprehensive and optimized the results. The bus which has
the biggest participation factor in each mode is selected as
another candidate for DG placement. Then, a DG is installed
at one of the candidates and a new modal analysis is carried
out on the system with the installed DG to determine the
systems new participation factor. This procedure is repeated
for all candidates.

Di = 1 if branch i
= 0 otherwise.
is the active component of current of ith branch in the

I pi

IV.

CASE STUDY

original system obtained from the load flow solution.

com
The loss PLa
is associated with the active component of
branch currents in the compensated system.
com

PLa

b
i=1 (

I ai + Di I DG
2 R I

(13)
Savings in Active power loss is:
S

PLa

Pcom
La

2
i

Fig 1 Single-line diagram of the 33-bus radial distribution network

i=1

(2 D i I ai I DG + D I DG ) Ri
. (14)
To minimize the loss Eq. () is differentiated w.r.t IDG and

bi=1

(D i I ai R i)
... (15)
I DG = (

start

Di R i

.(16)
Distributed generator size

PDG =V m I DG

First a IEEE 3-bus test system is used for voltage stability

studies. The Eigen value analysis is done for selected buses in
order to identify the weakest bus. A power flow program based
on Mat lab is developed to:
1. Calculate the load flow solution.
2. Analyse the voltage stability based on modal analysis

(17)
The process can be repeated for all the buses to get the highest
possible loss saving for a singly located DG unit.
2. DG PLACEMENT ALGORITHM
The DG placement problem can be formulated by
many objective functions, including loss minimization,
voltage profile improvement, economical revenue,
environmental impact reduction, improvement on reliability
aspects, etc. In this section, the problem is formulated and
solved by using modal analysis by an objective of voltage
security margin enhancement and loss reduction, while the
results are compared with the results of the proposed method
in . The modal analysis is used concurrently to determine the
critical modes and their associated buses.

Receive the network data

Execute the modal analysis and

determine the worst modes

Determine the most participating

bus in each mode as a candidate
Select the candidate bus with
highest participation factor
Add a DG to the candidate bus

Repeat the load flow and

observe the voltage profile

Do you want to place another DG?

yes

17

3.1712
Table 1. Eigenvalues

no
stop
Fig 2 Flow chart for the proposed algorithm

Fig shows the voltage profile of all buses of the IEEE 3 Bus
system as obtained from the load flow. It can be seen that all
the bus voltages are within the acceptable level ( 5%).
The total number of eigenvalues of the reduced Jacobian
matrix J R is expected to be 33 as shown in table

The modal analysis method is applied and the voltage profile

of the buses is presented from the load flow simulation. Then,
the minimum eigenvalue of the reduced Jacobian matrix is
calculated. After that, the weakest load buses, which are
subject to voltage collapse, are identified by computing the
participating factors.

Fig 3. voltage profiles for all the buses at initial stage

Note that all the eigenvalues are positive which means that the
system voltage is stable. From Table 1. , it is noticed that the
minimum eigenvalue is at 3 and is the most critical mode.
The participating factor for this mode has been calculated and
the highest participation factor is obtained at the bus 3. A DG
is placed at the 3 rd bus with a size of 2.2175Kw. The voltage
profile has been improved and loses have been reduced from
0.1143kw to 0.0668kw. Later the modal analysis procedure
has been applied to an 5bus system and it is noticed that the
minimum eigenvalue is at 5 with a value of 21.
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Eigen
value
37.5952
18.4363
17.7615
13.6471
9.8467
8.6109
8.1696
7.8871
6.3110
6.7265
5.7761
5.4085
6.0186
4.4981
3.9251
3.3126

No
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Eigen
value
2.7051
2.5456
1.9963
1.7845
3.3892
1.7342
1.4557
0.8208
0.6276
0.0001
0.0330
0.0652
0.5513
0.2289
0.1675
0.3573

Fig 4 participation factors at the minimum Eigenvalue

The buses 18, 33 and 22 have the highest participation factors
for the critical mode. The largest participation factor value
(0.0313) at bus 18 indicates the highest contribution of this
bus to the voltage collapse. Therefore it is identified that the
weakest bus on the IEEE 33 bus power system is bus no.18.
Therefore a DG is placed at the bus no.18 and the voltage
profile is observed similarly the DGs at the buses 33 and 22
are placed as they are the most participating buses.

Fig 4. voltage profile comparision before and after the placement of DG

V. Conclusions
In this paper, the modal analysis technique is applied to
investigate the stability of the power systems and that method
computes the smallest eigenvalue and the associated
eigenvectors of the reduced jacobian matrix using the steady
state system model. The magnitude of the smallest eigenvalue
gives us a measure of how close the system is to the voltage
collapse. Then, the participating factor can be used to identify
the weakest node or bus in the system associated to the

minimum eigenvalue. The obtained results agreed about the

weakest buses that contribute to voltage instability or voltage
collapse. DG placement used so as to improve the voltage
profile after the prediction of the voltage collapse. Pv curves
are plotted for the bus more sensitive to voltage collapse both
before and after placement of dg and the improvement is
verified and the result shows that the maximum loading point
improves thereby the system stability is enhanced
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