MODULE 19

Machine Guarding

What hazards exist?

Crushed by or drawn into equipment
Struck by moving parts
Struck by failed components or particles

2006 TEEX

Key parts of machines

1. Point of operation: where work is
performed on the material, such as cutting,
shaping, boring, or forming of stock.
2. Power Transmission Device: transmits
energy to the part of the machine performing
the work

Includes flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting

rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks,
and gears.
2006 TEEX

Key parts of machines

3. Operation Controls: Control
mechanisms
4. Other moving parts: can include
reciprocating, rotating, and transverse
moving parts, feed mechanisms, and
auxiliary parts of the machine

2006 TEEX

Hazards to be Guarded
Things to guard include

In-running nip points

Rotating equipment
Flying chips or sparks
Belts or gears
Parts that impact or shear

2006 TEEX

Rotating Parts
Can grip hair or clothing
Can force the body into a dangerous
position
Projecting pieces increase risk

2006 TEEX

In-Running Nip Points

Between 2 rotating parts
Between rotating and tangential parts
Between rotating and fixed parts which
shear, crush, or abrade

2006 TEEX

Reciprocating Parts
Risk of being struck between stationary
and moving part

2006 TEEX

Transverse motion
Continuous straight line motion
Worker struck or caught in pinch or
shear point

2006 TEEX

Cutting action
Direct injury from cutting action
Flying chips or sparks
Saws, drills, lathes, mills

10

2006 TEEX

Punching action
Ram stamps materials
Danger at point of operation

11

2006 TEEX

Shearing action
Powered blade that shears materials
Hazard at point of operation

12

2006 TEEX

Bending action
Power applied to a slide to stamp/shape
materials
Hazard at point of operation

13

2006 TEEX

Guarding Principles
Prevent contact between hazardous moving
parts and body or clothing
Secure guard: not easily removed
Protect from objects falling into machinery
No new hazards: sharp/rough edges
No interference with job/comfort/speed
Allow safe lubrication: without removing
guards if possible
14

2006 TEEX

Guarding Methods
Location / distance
Guards

15

Fixed
Interlocked
Adjustable
Self-adjusting

2006 TEEX

Guarding Methods
Devices

Presence sensing
Pullback
Restraint
Safety controls (tripwire cable, two-hand
control, etc.)
Gates

16

2006 TEEX

Guarding Methods
Feeding & ejection methods
Automatic and/or semi-automatic feed and
ejection

Robots
Miscellaneous aids
Awareness barriers
Protective shields
Hand-feeding tools
17

2006 TEEX

Fixed Guard
Barrier is a
permanent part of
machine
Preferable over other
types

18

2006 TEEX

Interlocked Guard
Stops motion when guard is opened or
removed
Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum

19

2006 TEEX

Adjustable Guard
Barrier may
be adjusted
for variable
operations
What are the
drawbacks?

20

Bandsaw blade
adjustable guard

2006 TEEX

Self-Adjusting Guard
Adjusts according to size/position of
material
Circular table saw
self-adjusting guard

21

2006 TEEX

Pullback Device
Cables attached to
operators hands or
wrists
Removes hands
from point of
operation during
danger period
What are the
drawbacks?
22

2006 TEEX

Restraint Device
Cables attached to
fixed point and
wrists or hands
Adjustable to let
hands travel in
predetermined area
May be
accompanied by
hand-feeding tools
23

2006 TEEX

Safety Tripwire Cable

Device located
around the
perimeter of or
near the danger
area
Operator must be
able to reach the
cable to stop the
machine
24

2006 TEEX

Two-Hand Control
Requires constant
pressure on both
pads to activate
the machine
Hands on controls
at safe distance
while machine is
in dangerous
cycle
25

2006 TEEX

Gate
Must close fully to protect user before
cycle will start

Gate Open
26

Gate Closed
2006 TEEX

Safeguarding by
Location/Distance
Location of hazardous parts that is
inaccessible or not a hazard during
normal operation
Must maintain safe distance
Training, warning, communication
necessary

27

2006 TEEX

Protective Shields
Protection from flying particles or
splashing fluids
Do not protect
completely from
machine hazards

28

2006 TEEX

What regulations apply?

29 CFR 1910 Subpart O
29 CFR 1910 Subpart P for hand and
portable power tools
API RP 54 6.8 Machinery and Tools

29

2006 TEEX

29 CFR 1910 SUBPART O

Machinery and Machine Guarding

Organization
211.Definitions
212.General requirements for all machines
213.Woodworking machinery requirements
215.Abrasive wheel machinery
216.Mills and calenders in the rubber and
plastics industries
217.Mechanical power presses
218.Forging machines
219.Mechanical power-transmission apparatus
31

2006 TEEX

29 CFR 1910.212

General Requirements

1910.212(a) Machine guarding

1. One or more types of guarding to
protect from hazards.

Barrier guards
Two-hand tripping devices
Electronic safety devices
Etc.

2. Affixed to machine where possible

33

Guard must not cause its own hazard

2006 TEEX

1910.212(a) Machine guarding

3.

Point of operation guarding:

ii.

Guarded if exposes employee to injury

iii.
iv.

34

According to standards or
Keep any part of body out of danger zone

Hand tools to permit material handling

in addition to guards, not instead
Examples of machines requiring guards
on point of operation
2006 TEEX

1910.212(a) Machine guarding

4. Revolving barrels, drums, containers
guarded by interlocked enclosure
(cannot turn without guard in place)
5. Exposure to fan blades: guard
openings 1/2 inch

35

2006 TEEX

1910.212(b) Anchoring fixed

machinery
Machines designed for fixed location
must be anchored to prevent moving
This pedestal grinder is
designed for anchoring,
but is not anchored

36

2006 TEEX

29 CFR 1910.215

Abrasive Wheel Machinery

1910.215(a) General
requirements
Abrasive wheels
must be guarded,
with exceptions
Guard design
dependent on type
of work and type of
wheel

38

2006 TEEX

1910.215(a) General
requirements
Work rests:
Rigid, clamped in place securely
Adjusted to within 1/8 inch of wheel
Never adjusted while in motion

Work rest is closely

adjusted

39

2006 TEEX

1910.215(b)(9) Exposure
adjustment
For type where operator
stands in front of
opening: Adjustable for
decreasing wheel size
Adjustable tongue
guard must never be
more than inch from
wheel

40

2006 TEEX

1910.215(d) Mounting
Inspect for damage and ring test
immediately before mounting
Tap with light nonmetallic implement
(screwdriver, wooden mallet)
If sound is dead, cracked ring may not be
used

Check spindle speed against maximum

for wheel
41

2006 TEEX

Ring Test

42

2006 TEEX

29 CFR 1910.219

Mechanical Power-Transmission
Apparatus

Organization of 1910.219
(a) General requirements
(b) Prime-mover guards
(1) Flywheels
(2) Cranks and connecting rods
(3) Tail rods or extension piston rods

(c) Shafting
(d) Pulleys
44

2006 TEEX

Organization of 1910.219
(e) Belt, rope, and chain drives
(f) Gears, sprockets, and chains
(g) Guarding friction drives
(h) Keys, setscrews, and other projections
(i) Collars and couplings
(j) Bearings and facilities for oiling
(k) Guarding of clutches, cutoff couplings,
and clutch pulleys
45

2006 TEEX

Organization of 1910.219
(l) Belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles,
perches, and fasteners
(m) Standard guards-general
requirements
(o) Approved materials
(p) Care of equipment

46

2006 TEEX

Machine Guarding

Hazards on Oil and Gas Sites

Parts Requiring Guarding

Drive belts and shafts mud pumps
and tank area
Pony rods
Rotating parts
Shale shaker
Agitator shafts & couplings
Moving generator parts
(explore)
48

2006 TEEX

Mud Pumps

49

2006 TEEX

Shale Shaker

50

2006 TEEX

Generators

51

2006 TEEX

Parts Requiring Guarding

52

Air compressors
Crown sheaves
Kelly bushing or controls
Rotary chain drive
Air hoist line
Drawworks
Bench grinder wheels
2006 TEEX

Crown Sheaves

53

2006 TEEX

Kelly and Bushing

Alternative Abatement:
STD 1-12.28 CH-1

54

2006 TEEX

Drawworks

55

2006 TEEX

Parts Requiring Guarding

Belts, drive chains, gears and drives on
power and hand tools
Traveling blocks
Sheaves
Cathead?

56

2006 TEEX

Drilling Line

57

2006 TEEX

Traveling Block

58

2006 TEEX

Hoisting Line

59

2006 TEEX

Machine Guarding

Safety Responsibilities

Safety Responsibilities
Management:
Ensure all machinery is properly guarded

Supervisors:
Train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
Ensure machine guards remain in place and are
functional
Immediately correct machine guard deficiencies

Employees:
Do not remove guards unless machine is locked and
tagged
Report machine guard problems to supervisors
immediately
Do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
61

2006 TEEX

Training
Operators/affected employees should receive
training on:
Hazards associated with particular machines
How the safeguards provide protection and the
hazards for which they are intended
How and why to use the safeguards
How and when safeguards can be removed and
by whom
What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or
unable to provide adequate protection
62

2006 TEEX

29 CFR 1910 Subpart P and 1926 Subpart I

Hand and Portable Power Tools

Construction vs. General

Industry
Construction, alteration, or repair?
Applicable standard depends on type of
operations:
1910 Subpart P: Hand and Portable
Powered Tools and Other Hand-Held
Equipment
1926 Subpart I: Tools Hand and Power

64

2006 TEEX

1910.242 General
Employer is responsible for safe
condition of tools and equipment
Including equipment furnished by
employee

Compressed air must not be used for

cleaning unless:
Reduced to <30 p.s.i.
Only with effective chip guarding and PPE
65

2006 TEEX

1910.243(a) Portable powered

tools

Portable circular saws >2 in. guarded

Switches and controls:

66

Automatic return to covering position

constant pressure control for circular and

chain saws
other controls for other tools as
appropriate

2006 TEEX

1910.243(a) Portable powered

tools
Portable belt sanding machine guarding
Nip points
Unused run of sanding belt

Cracked saws: remove from service

Grounding: Meet Subpart S

67

2006 TEEX

1910.243(b) Pneumatic powered

tools and hose
Tool retainer to prevent ejection
Airhose designed for applied pressure
and service

68

2006 TEEX

1910.243 Guarding of portable

powered tools
c. Portable abrasive wheels:

Must be guarded
Ring test and inspection

d. Explosive actuated fastening tools

e. Power lawnmowers

69

Guarding
Controls and shutoff device
Labeling, manuals
Design
2006 TEEX

1910.244 Other portable tools

and equipment
a. Jacks

Loading and marking

Operation and maintenance

b. Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles:

operating valve and support

70

2006 TEEX

1926.300 General requirements

Maintained in safe condition whether
furnished by employer or employee
Shall be guarded when designed to
accommodate guards
Moving parts that create hazards shall
be guarded by one or more methods
Fan openings; anchoring machinery
71

2006 TEEX

1926.300 General requirements

Abrasive wheel guards
PPE if necessary for objects, particles,
gases
Allowable switches by tool type

72

2006 TEEX

1926.301 Hand tools

Use of unsafe hand tools not
permitted
Wrenches shall not be used when
jaws are sprung to the point of
slippage
Including adjustable, pipe, end &
socket wrenches

Impact tools shall be kept free of

mushroomed heads
Such as drift pins, wedges & chisels

Wooden handles shall be kept

Free of splinters or cracks
Tight in the tool
73

2006 TEEX

1926.302 Power-operated hand

tools
Electric power-operated tools
Double-insulated or grounded
Never hold by the cord

Pneumatic power-operated tools

74

Secure tools, attachments, and muzzle

Compressed air use restrictions
Never hold by the hose
Reduce pressure in case of hose failure
2006 TEEX

1926.302 Power-operated hand

tools
Fuel operated tools
Stop while refueling or servicing
Watch concentrations in enclosed spaces

Hydraulic power tools

Fire-resistant fluids
Safe operating pressures

Powder-actuated tools
75

2006 TEEX

1926 Subpart I Organization

76

1926.303 Abrasive wheels and tools

1926.304 Woodworking tools
1926.305 Jacks
1926.306 Air receivers
1926.307 Mechanical powertransmission apparatus

2006 TEEX