Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.

Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and

Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080

1073 | P a g e


Simulation And Performance Investigation Of Series Active
Power Filter Using Hysteresis Current Control Method

1. Vikash Anand
M.Tech. (Power Electronics and Drives)-Electrical Engineering Department,
Madan Mohan Malviya Engineering College
Gorakhpur-273010(U.P), India.

2. Dr.S.K.Srivastava
Associate Professor-Electrical Engineering Department
Madan Mohan Malviya Engineering College
Gorakhpur-273010(U.P), India.


ABSTRACT
The simulation study of Hysteresis Current
Controlled, three phase series active power filter to
improve power quality by compensating harmonics
and reactive power required by a non-linear load is
presented. The series active filter employs a simple
method for the reference compensation voltage
based on p-q theory. Classic filters may not have
satisfactory performance in fast varying conditions.
But auto tuned active power filters give better result
for harmonic minimization, reactive power
compensation and power factor improvement. This
paper has proposed an auto tuned series active filter
maintains the THD well within the IEEE-519
standards. The results are found to be quite
satisfactory to mitigate harmonic distortion, reactive
power compensation and power factor
improvement.
.
KEYWORDS
Power System, Series Active Power Filter,
Hysteresis Current Pulse Width Modulation.

1.INTRODUCTION
Harmonics contamination is a serious and a
harmful problem in Electric Power System. Active
Power filtering constitutes one of the most effective
proposed solutions. A series active power filter that
achieves low voltage total harmonic distortion
(THD), reactive power compensation and power
factor correction is presented. Hence, it is necessary
to reduce the dominant harmonics below 5% as
specified in IEEE-519-1992 harmonic standard [9].
Harmonic Amplification is one the most serious
problem. It is caused by harmonic resonance
between line inductance and power factor correction
(PFC) capacitors installed by consumers. Active
filters for damping out harmonic resonance in
industrial and utility power distribution systems
have been researched [9]-[7].

Traditionally based, passive L-C filters were used to
eliminate line harmonics in [1]-[13].



However, the passive filters have the demerits of
fixed compensation, bulkiness and occurrence of
resonance with other elements. The recent advances
in power semiconductor devices have resulted in the
development of Active Power Filters (APF) for
harmonic suppression. Various topologies of active
filters have been proposed for harmonic mitigation.
There are two major approaches that have emerged
for the harmonic detection [1], namely, time domain
and the frequency domain methods. The frequency
domain methods include, Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT),
and Recursive Discrete Fourier Transform (RDFT)
based methods. The frequency domain methods
require large memory, computation power and the
results provided during the transient condition may
be imprecise [13].
There are several current control strategies proposed
in the literature [7]-[2], [12]-[3], namely, PI control,
Average Current Mode Control (ACMC), Sliding
Mode Control (SMC) and hysteresis control. Among
the various current control techniques, hysteresis
control is the most popular one for active power
filter applications. Hysteresis current control is a
method of controlling a voltage source inverter so
that the output current is generated which follows a
reference current waveform in this paper[10].
In this paper, the proposed control algorithm for
series active power filters is applicable to harmonic
voltage source loads as well as to harmonic current
source loads. This control algorithm is applied under
the basic concept of the generalized pq theory.
However, this generalized pq theory is valid for
compensating for the harmonics and reactive power
using the parallel active power filter in the three-
phase power system. To overcome such limits, a
revised pq theory is proposed. This revised
algorithm may be effective not only for the three-
phase three-wire series active power filter with
harmonic current voltage loads, but also for the
combined system of parallel passive filters and
active filter[14].
Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080

1074 | P a g e



This chapter basically deals with the modeling and
design of series active power filter for compensation
of harmonics and reactive power. Designs of different
parameters like power circuit, ontrol circuit, control
strategies, PLL circuit are discussed.

2. Series Active Power Filter
Series active power filters are operated
mainly as a voltage regulator and as a harmonic
isolator between the nonlinear load and the utility
system. The series connected filter protects the
consumer from an inadequate supply voltage quality.
This type of approach is especially recommended for
compensation of voltage unbalances and voltage sags
from the AC supply and for low power applications
and represents economically attractive alternatives to
UPS, since no energy storage (battery) is necessary
and the overall rating of the components is smaller.
The series active filter injects a voltage component in
series with the supply voltage and therefore can be
regarded as a controlled voltage source, compensating
voltage sags and swells on the load side[11].
Non-linear
Load
Vc
+
_
shunt
passive
filter
series
Active
filter to
compensate
voltage
disturbances
sinusoidal
source

Fig.1 Filter voltage generation to compensate
voltage disturbances

2.1 Basic Compensation Principle
Fig.2 shows the basic compensation principle of
series active power filter. A voltage source inverter
(VSI) is used as the series active power filter. This is
controlled so as to draw or inject a compensating
voltage V
c
from or to the supply, such that it cancels
voltage harmonics on the load side i.e. this active
power filter (APF) generates the distortions opposite
to the supply harmonics[4].

Fig.3 shows the different waveforms i.e. source
voltage, desired load voltage and the compensating
voltage injected by the series active power filter
which contains all the harmonics, to make the load
voltage purely sinusoidal. This is the basic principle
of series active power filter to eliminate the supply
voltage harmonics.






2.2 Estimation Of Reference Voltage
This Section introduces the control algorithm of the
series active power filter, which compensates for
harmonics and reactive power. The three-phase
voltages v
a
, v
b
and v
c
and currents i
a
, i
b
and i
c
for the
three-phase three-wire power distribution system is
shown in Fig.4[14]-[11]-[4].
The three-phase load voltages v
L(a,b,c)
and the three-
phase source currents i
s(a,b,c)
are represented as:
La
L(a, b, c) Lb
Lc
v
v = v
v
(
(
(
(

,
sa
s(a, b, c) sb
sc
i
i = i
i
(
(
(
(

(1)

The load voltage vector L(a, b, c) v and the source
current vector s(a, b, c) i of (1) are transformed into
0 o| co-ordinates by the substituting (3) into (2) as
Fig.2 Basic compensation principle
Fig.3 Waveforms for the supply voltage (V
S
),
Desired load voltage (V
I
) and
the Compensating voltage (filter voltage-V
C

Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080

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| |
La L
L(, , 0) Lb L
Lc L0
v q
v = T v = q
v q
( (
( (
( (
( (

,
| |
sa
s(, , 0) sb
sc
i
i = T i
i
(
(
(
(

=
s
s
s0
i
i
i
(
(
(
(

(2)


Fig.4 Circuit configuration for series active power
filter

Where,
| |
1 -1 2 -1 2
2
T = 0 3 2 - 3 2
3
1 2 1 2 1 2
(
(
(
(

(3)

The active power p can be expressed as (4) by the
inner product of the load voltage vector L(, , 0) v and
the source current vector s(, , 0) i of (2), where the
active power p is the instantaneous active power at
the load side of the CT in Fig. 4.

L(, , 0) s(, , 0) L s L s L0 s0 p = v i = v i +v i +v i
(4)
Also, the reactive power L(, , 0) q is represented as
(5) by the cross product of L(, , 0) v and s(, , 0) i


L(, , 0) q = L(, , 0) v s(, , 0) i
(5)
( , , 0) L(, , 0) s(, , 0) v i L q q o | = =
(6)

Where, q is the instantaneous reactive power at the
load side of the CT in Fig.4.

For a three-phase system without zero sequence
voltage and current, i.e.
a b c v +v +v = 0

and a b c i +i +i = 0
L0 a b c
1
v = (v +v +v ) = 0
3
and
s0 a b c
1
i = (i +i +i ) = 0
3
),
Equ. (4) and (5) can be expressed as follows:
L(, , 0) s(, , 0) = L s + L s p = v i v i v i
(7)

L(, , 0) q = L(, , 0) v
s(, , 0) i =
L
L
L0
q
q
q
(
(
(
(

=
L L
s s
0
0
v v
i i
o |
o |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(8)
From (1)(5), the active voltage vector p (, , 0) v and
the reactive voltage vector q (, , 0) v are defined as
follows:
p(, , 0) (, , 0)
(, , 0) (, , 0)
p
v = i
i i
(9)

(, , 0) (, , 0)
q(, , 0)
(, , 0) (, , 0)
q i
v =
i i

(10)

The p(, , 0) v represents the parallel component of
the load voltage vector L(, , 0) v to the current vector
s(, , 0) i ; q(, , 0) v represents the perpendicular
component of the load voltage vector L(, , 0) v to the
current vector s(, , 0) i . As a result, the load voltage
vector is represented by the sum of the active
voltage vector p(, , 0) v and the reactive voltage
vector q(, , 0) v as follows:
L(, , 0) p(, , 0) q(, , 0) v = v +v
(11)

The active voltage vector p(, , 0) v is induced as
follows, using the projection of the load voltage
vector L(, , 0) v onto the current vector s(, , 0) i :
L(, , 0) s(, , 0)
p(, , 0) i L(, , 0) s(, , 0)
2
s(, , 0)
v i
v = proj v = i
i
(12)

Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080

1076 | P a g e


The reactive voltage vector q(, , 0) v , which is
perpendicular to the active voltage vector p(, , 0) v ,
is also induced through (13)(16):

L(, , 0) L(, , 0) s(, , 0)
s(, , 0) L(, , 0) s(, , 0) L(, , 0) s(, , 0)
q = v i
i q = i (v i )

(13)
2 2
s(, , 0) L(, , 0)
L(, , 0) s(, , 0)
s(,,0) s(,,0)
i q p
v = i
i i

+

(14)

The second term of the right-hand side of (15) is the
active voltage vector p(, , 0) v and the first term of
the right-hand side of (14) becomes the reactive
voltage vector q(, , 0) v :

2
s(, , 0) L(, , 0) s(, , 0) L(, , 0)
q(, , 0)
s(,,0) s(, , 0) s(, , 0)
i q i q
v =
i i i

=

(15)

Where L(, , 0) q is equal to the reactive power,
which is defined in the instantaneous reactive power
theory. The voltage compensation reference of the
series active power filter can be represented as (16),
using p(, , 0) v and q(, , 0) v in (9) and (10):
~
s(, , 0) L(, , 0)
s(, , 0)
C(,,0)
s(, , 0) s(, , 0) s(, , 0) s(, , 0)
i q
v i +
i i i i

-

=
(16)


The active power and the reactive power can be
divided into DC components and , which
are generated from the fundamental components of
the load voltages and the source currents, and AC
components and , which are generated from
the negative sequence components and the harmonic
components of the load voltages and the source
currents. If the reactive power q is replaced by the
AC component of reactive power , a new voltage
compensation reference compensates for the AC
component of the active power and the
reactive power .
The compensation voltage reference in
0 co-ordinates is obtained from (16) and the
final compensation voltage reference by
transforming this compensation voltage reference in
0 co-ordinates into the compensation voltage
reference of three-phase co-ordinates.
| |
* *
C Ca
-1
* * *
C(a,b,c) C Cb
*
*
Cc
C0
v v
v = T v = v
v
v
( (
( (
( (
( (

(17)

2.3 Hysteresis Current Controller
With the hysteresis control, limit bands are
set on either side of a signal representing the desired
output waveform. The inverter switches are operated
as the generated signals within limits. Hysteresis-
band PWM is basically an instantaneous feedback
control method of PWM where the actual signal
continually tracks the command signal within a
hysteresis band [5].

Fig.5 Basic principle of hysteresis band control
The rate of change of inductor current is then given
by
(18)
Making assumption that the ac supply does not
change during a cycle of switch operations, the time
taken t
m
taken to cross a dead band is
(19)
The switching frequency f
sw
is, therefore variable.
Combining above two equations (18) and (19) to
obtain the switching period, and inverting, gives










Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080

1077 | P a g e


3. Simulation and Performance Investigation of Series APF
In this section the simulation analysis of series APF is described for R-L load and the FFT analysis has
been carried out simultaneously.

3.1 Operation of Simulation Model
The operation of the simulation model shown below is described as first the reference voltages are
generated and then these reference voltages are compared with the actual load voltages and the error signal is
given to the hysteresis controller to generate the firing pulses for the switches of the inverter. The switches are
turned on and off in such a way that if the reference voltage is more than the actual load voltage then the lower
switch is turned on and the upper switch is turned off and if the reference voltage is less than the actual load
voltage then the upper switch of the same leg is turned on and the lower switch is turned off. The output of the
series active power filter is fed to the main lines through series transformers so as to make the load voltage
purely sinusoidal the harmonic voltage is absorbed or injected by the filter [6].


Fig.6 MATLAB model for Series active power filter
3.2 Simulation Result




Fig.7 Source voltage containing harmonics
Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080

1078 | P a g e




Fig.8 Load voltage before and after compensation


Fig.9 Load current

Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080

1079 | P a g e



Fig.10 FFT Analysis for source voltage



Fig.11 FFT Analysis for load voltage

Load type THD (%) source voltage THD (%) load voltage
R-L load 15 0.97

Table 1 THD analysis of series active power filter for R-L load
The table 1 shows the THD analysis for the source voltage and the load voltage. It is clear from the table that the
performance of the system improves and the THD is reduced from 15 % to 0.97 %. The values of different
parameters used for this model have been given in appendix.

4. Conclusion

A MATLAB based model of the series active power filter has been simulated for RL load using the hysteresis
control technique. The simulation results show that the input voltage harmonics are compensated very
effectively by using the series active power filter.
Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080

1080 | P a g e


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Appendix

The values of the different parameters used for series active power filter
Source voltage: 3-phase, 100V, 50Hz.
Harmonics in the supply voltage: 5
th
, 0.2pu and 7
th
, 0.15pu.
Series transformer rating: 1KVA, 50Hz, 240/240V
RL load parameters : 10 , 100mH
Line parameters : 0.2 , 1.5mH
Line parameters : 0.2 , 1.5mH
RC filter parameters : 16 , 199.04F
Hysteresis band gap : -0.01 to 0.01