5 (Fluid Flow)

Fundamentals
of fluid flow
Mohsen Soltanpour
Email: soltanpour@kntu.ac.ir
URL: http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/
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.
.
.
(Velocity field) :
) (particles ) (solid .
:
) (v x ) n = f n (t
n*:
) (v y ) n = g n (t
) (v z ) n = hn (t
.
) **:(field approach -
) v x = f ( x, y , z , t
) v y = g ( x, y , z , t
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) v z = h ( x, y , z , t
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/
) (x,y,z ) (t *.

) (steady flow **. )(unsteady flow
. :
) v x = f ( x, y , z
) v y = g ( x, y , z
) v z = h ( x, y , z
.
) (x,r, ) (
) (:
r 2
v = v x (r )i = vmax [1 ( ) ]i
R

)v = v ( r , x
= vr (r , x)er + v x (r , x)i
r
) (uniform ***.
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*.
:
**:
z
V0

V0
xz
) (streamlines
:
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) (pathlines
.
.
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dx
= v xp
dt
dy
= v yp
dt
dz
= v zp
dt
dA t )(streamtube
.
. .
.
) dA (
v = vx i + v y j + vz k
ds = dxi + dyj + dzk
v ds :

v ds = 0
ds
dx dy dz
=
=
vx v y vz
) (
) (
. ) (streakline .
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t < t1
t > t1
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(Pathline) :
t < t1
t > t1
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(Streakline) :
) ( .
.
)pathline (t>t0
)pathline (t=t0
)streakline (t>t0
)streakline (t=t0
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:
P ) ( .
. A t=0 )K (x0,y0,z0
t=t ) P (x1,y1,z1 . A . t=t +t
) (B P B . C
t=t +2t P C . t1 A A1 B
B1 C C1 .
P ) .(t=t1
)
( t=t3
)
( t=t2
) :M(x0,y0,z0
t=t+2t P
)
( t=t1
A2
) : P(x1,y1,z1

B1
B2
B3
) :K(x0,y0,z0
t=t P
A1
A3
) :L(x0,y0,z0
t=t+t P
C1
C2
C3
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C
t=t2 t=t3
. B A C
) ( .
.
) P(x1,y1,z1 .
t=0 ) (x0,y0,z0 :
)(I
) x = f ( x0 , y0 , z0 , t
) y = g ( x0 , y0 , z0 , t
) z = h( x0 , y0 , z0 , t
) P(x1,y1,z1 )
t=0 L K M P (:
)(II
) x1 = f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ,
) y1 = g ( x0 , y0 , z0 ,
) z1 = h( x0 , y0 , z0 ,
t P .
x0,y0,z0 ) (I ) (II t t
) t( P ) t( . t
t P ) B A .(C
t (t>t) t P t
t=t2 t=t .(t=t3
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) 1
(Viewpoints) :
x1, y1, z1
) v(x,y,z,t .
.
) v x = f ( x, y , z , t
) v y = g ( x, y , z , t
) v z = h ( x, y , z , t
.
) y(t) x(t ) z(t
y(0) x(0) . ) z(0 t=0 .
:
) v x = f (t
) v y = g (t
) v z = h(t
t.
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) .(a
*.
.
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(Acceleration of a flow particle) :

.
. :
rp = x p (t )i + y p (t ) j + z p (t )k
= u p (t )i + v p (t ) j + w p (t )k
= a xp (t )i + a yp (t ) j + a zp (t )k
d rp
2
dt 2
drp
dt
dv p
dt
vp
= vp
= ap
rp
O
x
y

) (rp .
*.
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) t
y x z :
v
v
v
v
dx + dy + dz + dt
= dv
x
y
z
t
dv Dv
)(total derivative
) (
=a
dt dt
v dx v dy v dz v
=
+
+
+
x dt y dt z dt t
) v ( x, y , z , t
dx , dy , dz v x , v y , v z .:
dt dt dt
)(local acceleration
v v v
v
v
a = vx
+ vy
+ vz
+
= v .v +
x
y
z t
t
)(acceleration of transport
)(convective acceleration
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v x
v
v v
+ v y x + vz x + x
x
y
z
t
v y
v y
v y v y
a y = vx
+ vy
+ vz
+
x
y
z
t
v
v
v v
az = vx z + v y z + vz z + z
x
y
z
t
ax = vx

.
.
z

) (Q=cte

x .
x
v2
v1
v2 > v1
v
v
v
v v
+ vy
+ vz
+
= vx x > 0
a = v x www.Mohandesyar.com
y
z t
x
x
) s
(:

v = v ( s, t ) = v( s, t )et
dv v ds v
s
=a
= . +
dt s dt t
v v
v
=v +
s t

) (normal and tangential coordinates

:
v2
a = vet + en
v = vet
dv dv ds
dv 1 dv 2
= . =v
=
= at = v
2 ds
dt ds dt
ds
v2
= an
) (osculari .
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(Irrotational flow) :
( adjacent
)
flowparticle
. dr = dxi + dyj + dzk t B A

( rotation rate) ( deformation rate)
: B A
B
z
dr
dr dx dy dz
y
v=
= i+
j+ k
A
v z
dz
z
v x
dz
z
v z
dx
x
v x
dx
x
v y
E z
dt
dz
dt
dt
dt
= vx i + v y j + vz k
dz
dr
dy
A
dx
v y
v z
dy
y
dx
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x
D
v x
dy
y
v y
y
dy
v
vC = v A + dx
x

v x v y v z
v
= vC v A
= dx
dxi +
dxj +
dxk
x
x
x
x
A C
D E A ) ( .
) (normal strain xx :
AC
v x
dx
v x
x
= xx
=
dx
x

(dot) . ) ( . :
v z
z
v y
= zz
= yy
) (normal strain rate 1/s .

ii
. AC z C
:
v
v y
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dx
x
dx
v x
dy
v x
y
=
dy
y
: AD
( time rate of change of the shear angle) xy

: z ( t ) CAD
v y
v x
)
xy = yx = (
+
x y
v v
xz = zx = ( x + z )
z x
xx

yx
2
zx
xy
2
yy
zy
2
xz
: DAE CAE
v y
v z
)
yz = zy = (
+
z
y
:( strain rate tensor)
2
yz 1 vi v j
)
= (
+
2 2 x j xi
zz
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) (rate of angular change of the sides

. AC z C
:
v
v y
x
dx
x
dx
AD z ) z( D :
v x
dy
v x
y
=
dy
y
CAD z ) AC (AD
t :
v
v
1
y
[
]) + ( x
2 x
y
AC AD z )(z
:
1 v y v x
)
( = z
2 x y
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x y :
1 v x v z
)
( = y
2 z x
1 v z v y
)
( = x
2 y z
1 v z v y 1 v x v z 1 v y v x
( )i +
( )j+
)k
( =
2 y z
2 z x
2 x y
) (vorticity vector curlv = rotv = v *:
j
k
1
1
) = curlv = ( v
y z 2
2
v y v z
i
1
=
2 x
v x
curl . = 0
) (irrotational flow . 0
)(rotational flow
**.
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v x
=0
y
v y
=0
z
v
z =0
x
v y
x
v z
y
v x
z
= curlv = 0
.

.

. ) (boundary layer .
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5 (Fluid Flow)

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Fundamentals

ds = dxi + dyj + dzk

(Acceleration of a flow particle) :

) (normal and tangential coordinates

. dr = dxi + dyj + dzk t B A

) (normal strain rate 1/s .

( time rate of change of the shear angle) xy

:( strain rate tensor)

) (rate of angular change of the sides

) (vorticity vector curlv = rotv = v *:

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