HIPOTHALAMUS & HIPOFISIS
DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY (HYPOPHYSIS)
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (P. DISTALIS P. TUBERALIS P. INTERMEDIA) RATHKES POUCH (THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH)
HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (including: NEURAL STALK P. NERVOSA) (Fig. 18.18)
DIVERTICULUM OF DEVELOPING BRAIN
Fig 18.18
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
IN THE FLOOR AND INFERIOR PARTS OF THE WALLS OF THIRD VENTRICLE CONTAINS NEUROSECRETORY CELLS (ENDOCRINE FUNCTION): CLUSTERS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS/NUCLEI PRODUCE HORMONES (RF/IF, oxytocine, ADH/vasopressin)
(RF: releasing factor; IF: inhibiting factor; ADH: antidiuretic hormone) (Fig. 18.5 & 18.6)
Hypothalamus
HYPOTHALAMUS - HYPOPHYSIS- TARGET GLAND HYPOTHALAMUS
RF/IF OXYTOCINE/ADH
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
TROPHIC HORMONES (TROPHINS)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
(OXYT./ADH)
TARGET GLANDS
HORMONES
CELLS/TISSUES CELLS/TISSUES
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS (SON) ADH (+ OXYTOCIN)
NEURO NEUROHYPOPHYSIS SECRETORY CELLS (hypothalamus) PARAVENTRICULAR OXYTOCIN NUCLEUS (PVN) (+ADH) (ADH: antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)
NEUROSECRETION
NEUROSECRETORY CELL
(Activate)
CLUSTERS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS
Substances in the blood (glucose, peripheral hormones)
HORMONE SYNTHESIZED ARCUATE NUCLEUS (ARC) RF/IF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS TROPHIC HORMONES SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS (SON) ADH (+OXYTOCIN) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) (Transported) Stored (in vesicles)
Released (into extracellular space) Capillaries (fenestrated, plexus) (veins) Blood TARGET CELLS
OXYTOCIN (+ ADH)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
PVN/SON
OXYTOCIN
O X Y T O C I N
PVN/SON
OX/ADH
NERVE (Distention of the uterus during
labour/delivery Suckling the nipple by the baby)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
PREGNANT UTERUS
(octapeptide)
ONSET OF LABOUR MILK LETDOWN
BREAST (MAMMILLARY GLAND) (smooth muscle/myoepithelium)
STRENOUS WORK
INCREASED REABSORPTION OF WATER TARGET CELLS
HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES
VASOPRESSIN (ADH) (octapeptide)
SON/PVN (OSMORECEPTOR)
COLLECTING TUBULES (kidney) INCREASED REABSORPTION OF WATER CONCENTRATED URINE (in attempt to retain water)
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (cords/clumps of endocrine cells) Trophic hormone (Trophin TARGET GLAND
INCREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF THE BLOOD (Haemoconcentration)
STRENOUS WORK (in a hot environment) HYPOTHALAMUS (ARC) RF/IF (RF/IF)
Primary plexus Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
HORMONE
TARGET CELLS/TISSUES
ALDOSTERON & REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM THAT REGULATES THE SECRETION OF ALDOSTERON AND CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD VOL. INCREASES TO NORMAL
START
BLOOD VOL. DECREASES BLOOD PRESS. INCREASES TO NORMAL
BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES
SODIUM & WATER REABSORPTION INCREASE BLOOD VOL. IN ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED INGESTION OF SALT & WATER
KIDNEY RELEASES RENIN INTO BLOODSTREAM
KIDNEY: INCREASE REABSORPTION OF WATER (WATER RETENTION)
RENIN CONVERTS ANGIOTENSINOGEN INTO ANGIOTENSIN I (AI)
AI PASSES THROUGH LUNGS, IS CONVERTED INTO AII
AII CIRCULATES IN BLOODSTREAM STIMULATES ZONA GRANULOSA OF ADRENAL GLAND TO RELEASE ALDOSTERONE; AII ALSO ACTS AS VASOCONSTRICTOR
Oxytocin
ADH
GH
TSH
Prolactin
ACTH
Gonadotropins: LH, FSH
FIG 13-4
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
TROPHIC HORMONES (TROPHINS) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
HORMONES ACTING DIRECTLY ON PERIPHERAL TISSUES Growth Hormone (GH)/Somatostrophin)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Prolactin (Luteotrophic Hormone/LTH)
PARS INTERMEDIA
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Pigment formation
HYPOTHALAMUS Menggabungkan fungsi-fungsi yang memelihara homeostasis kimia dan suhu Berfungsi bersama dengan sistem limbik Mengendalikan keluarnya hormon-hormon dari pituitari anterior dan posterior
Figure 11-3: Autonomic control centers in the brain
HYPOTHALAMUS
Mensintesis dan melepaskan hormon-hormon hypophysiotropic :
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) Prolactin-inhibitn hormone (PIH)
HYPOTHALAMUS Mensintesis hormon-hormon hypophysiotropic dalam badan sel neuron yang berlokasi dalam hypothalamus Membawa hormon turun melalui akson dan tersimpan dalam akhir syaraf (nerve endings) Mensekresi hormon-hormon dalam nadi/denyutan (pulses)
HYPOTHALAMUS: Mensekresi Hormon Hypophysiotropic Dipengaruhi oleh emosi Dapat dipengaruhi oleh status metabolik setiap individu Dihantarkan ke pituitari anterior melalui sistem portal hypothalamic-hypophyseal Biasa memulai tahapan/urutan 3 hormon
Negative Feedback Controls: Long & Short Loop Reflexes
Figure 7-14: Negative feedback loops in the hypothalamicanterior pituitary pathway
Negative Feedback Controls: Long & Short Loop Reflexes
Figure 7-15: Control pathway for cortisol secretion
Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration
Figure 7-13: Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
MENSEKRESI HORMON-HORMON TROPIC SECARA PULSATILE
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES Growth Hormone (GH, Somatotropin): hormon utama yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pengaturan pertumbuhan tubuh, dan penting dalam metabolisme
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): menstimulasi sekresi hormon thyroid & pertumbuhan kelenjar thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): menstimulasi sekresi kortisol oleh korteks adrenal & memacu pertumbuhan korteks adrenal
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH): Wanita: menstimulasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan folikel ovarium, memacu sekresi estrogen oleh ovarium. Pria: dibutuhkan untuk produksi sperma Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Wanita: bertanggung jawab untuk ovulasi, pembentukan corpus luteum dalam ovarium, dan pengaturan sekresi ovarium pada hormon seks wanita. Pria: menstimulasi sel dalam testes untuk mensekresi testosterone Prolactin: Wanita: menstimulasi perkembangan payudara dan produksi susu. Pria: berperan dalam fungsi testicular
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Mensintesis berbagai hormon pituitari anterior pituitary oleh berbagai macam populasi sel.
Corticotropes Lactortropes Somatotropes Thyrotropes Gonadotropes ACTH Prolactin GH Thyrotropin FSH, LH
Pengaturan Endokrin: Three Levels of Integration
Stimulasi Hypothalamic dari CNS Stimulasi Pituitarydari hypothalamic trophic Hs Stimulasi kelenjar Endocrine dari pituitary trophic Hs
Pathologies: Over or Under Production
Figure 7-19: Negative feedback by exogenous cortisol
Pathologies: Due to Receptors
Figure 7-20: Primary and secondary hypersecretion of cortisol
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Terdiri atas akhiran akson dari badan sel dalam hypothalamus (supraoptic dan paraventricular)
Axons melintas dari hypothalamus menuju ke posterior pituitary melalui traktus hypothalamohypophysial
Hormon-hormon Posterior pituitary disintesis dalam badan sel dalam neuron dalam nukleus supraoptic dan paraventricular
POSTERIOR PITUITARY Hormon-hormon yang disintesis dalam hypothalamus ditransportasi turun sepanjang akson menuju ke akhiran pada posterior pituitary
Hormon-hormon disimpan dalam vesikel-vesikel dalam posterior pituitary sampai dengan dilepaskan ke dalam sirkulasi
Principal Hormones: Vasopressin & Oxytocin
Figure 7-12: Synthesis, storage, and release of posterior pituitary hormones
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Oxytocin: Disintesis sebagai hormon prekursor: prepro-oxyphysin Bekerja utamanya pada payudara dan uterus Meningkatkan kontraksi otot polos Vas Deferens
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Vasopressin Osmolalitas plasma dimonitor oleh osmoreceptors dalam hipothalamus Peningkatan osmolalitas plasma menstimulasi sekresi vasopressin Perubahan sedikit saja di atas tekanan osmotik plasma normal ( 285 mosm/kg) menstimulasi dilepaskannya vasopressin
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Sekresi vasopressin juga distimulasi oleh: 1. 2. Penurunan volume darah yang banyak Penurunan tekanan darah
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Kerja Vasopression : Menurunkan ekskresi air oleh ginjal (V2 receptors) Constricts blood vessels (V1 receptors) Meningkatkan hormon adrenocorticortropin (V1B receptors)
Summary of the Endocrine System
Figure 7-2-3: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones
Summary of the Endocrine System
Figure 7-2-2: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones
