Integrating Factors Found by Inspection
Integrating Factors Found by Inspection
Tags: integrating factor exact differential common differential
This section will use the following four exact differentials that occurs frequently. 1.
2.
3.
4.
The Determination of Integrating Factor
Tags: exact equation partial differentiation integrating factor function of x alone function of y alone
From the differential equation
Rule 1 If integrating factor. , a function of x alone, then is the
Rule 2 If integrating factor. , a function of y alone, then is the
Note that the above criteria is of no use if the equation does not have an integrating factor that is a function of x or y alone.
Steps 1. 2. 3. 4. Take the coefficient of dx as M and the coefficient of dy as N. Evaluate M/y and N/x. Take the difference M/y - N/x. Divide the result of Step 3 by N. If the quotient is a function of x alone, use the integrating factor defined in Rule 1 above and proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of x alone, proceed to Step 5. 5. Divide the result of Step 3 by M. If the quotient is a function of y alone, use the integrating factor defined in Rule 2 above and proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of y alone, look for another method of solving the equation. 6. Multiply both sides of the given equation by the integrating factor u, the new equation which is uM dx + uN dy = 0 should be exact. 7. Solve the result of Step 6 by exact equation or by inspection.
Problem 01 | Determination of Integrating Factor
Tags: partial differentiation integrating factor function of x alone
Problem 01
Solution 01 HideClick here to show or hide the solution
a function of x alone
Integrating factor
Thus,
answer
Problem 02 | Determination of Integrating Factor
Tags: partial differentiation integrating factor function of x alone
Problem 02
Solution 02 HideClick here to show or hide the solution
a function of x alone
Integrating factor
Thus,
answer
Problem 03 | Determination of Integrating Factor
Tags: partial differentiation integrating factor function of y alone
Problem 03
Solution 03 HideClick here to show or hide the solution
neither a function of x alone nor y alone a function of y alone
Integrating factor
Thus,
answer
Problem 04
Solution 04
HideClick here to show or hide the solution
neither a function of x alone nor y alone a function y alone
Integrating factor
Thus,
answer
Substitution Suggested by the Equation | Bernoulli's Equation
Tags: substitution linear differential equation integrating factor Bernoulli's equation suggested substitution
Substitution Suggested by the Equation Example 1
The quantity (2x - y) appears twice in the equation. Let
Substitute, then continue solving.
Example 2
The quantity (-sin y dy) is the exact derivative of cos y. Let
Substitute, then continue solving.
Bernoulli's Equation Bernoulli's equation is in the form
If x is the dependent variable, Bernoulli's equation can be recognized in the form . If n = 1, the variables are separable. If n = 0, the equation is linear. If n 1, Bernoulli's equation. Steps in solving Bernoulli's equation
ndefinite Integrals
Indefinite Integrals
If F(x) is a function whose derivative F'(x) = f(x) on certain interval of the x-axis, then F(x) is called the anti-derivative of indefinite integral f(x). When we integrate the differential of a function we get that function plus an arbitrary constant. In symbols we write
where the symbol , called the integral sign, specifies the operation of integration upon f(x) dx; that is, we are to find a function whose derivative is f(x) or whose differential is f(x) dx. The dx tells us that the variable of integration is x. - See more at: http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/indefiniteintegrals#sthash.J5q1Fvlb.dpuf
1. Write the equation into the form 2. Identify , , and .
3. Write the quantity
and let
. .
4. Determine the integrating factor
5. The solution is defined by 6. Bring the result back to the original variable.
7. 1 - 3 Examples | Indefinite Integrals
8. Tags: 9. power formula 10. integration
12. Evaluate the following integrals: 13. Example 1: 14. Example 2: 15. Example 3: 16. Solution to Example 1: 17. HideClick here to show or hide the solution 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. answer 25. 26. Solution to Example 2: 27. HideClick here to show or hide the solution 28.
29. This is the form . If we let multiplied by the differential the integral can be evaluated as follows:
, then is raised to a power 4 and is of the function corresponding to ,
answer 30. It should be pointed out that no integral can be evaluated directly unless it contains, in addition to the expression identified with , the exact differential of the function corresponding to . 31. 32. Solution to Example 3: 33. HideClick here to show or hide the solution 34. 35. 36. 37.
answer
4 - 6 Examples | Indefinite Integrals
Tags: power formula integration
Evaluate the following: Example 4:
Example 5: Example 6: Solution to Example 4 HideClick here to show or hide the solution
This is not of the form
because of the missing constant factor 3 in the integrand.
Identifying , , then the differential . We must then insert 3 in the integrand and to compensate for it, we place the reciprocal 1/3 before the integral sign. This in effect multiplying by one does not affect the value of the function.
Let
, then
answer
Solution to Example 5 HideClick here to show or hide the solution
Let u = 2x3 + 2x + 1 du = (6x2 + 2) dx = 2(3x2 + 1) dx n = -2/3
answer
Solution to Example 6 HideClick here to show or hide the solution
If we let and , then . But there is no in the given integrand. It is easy to insert -4 in the integrand and offset this by placing -1/4 before the integral sign but nothing can be done about the missing factor . We therefore expand and integrate term by term.
answer
Definite Integral
The definite integral of f(x) is the difference between two values of the integral of f(x) for two distinct values of the variable x. If the integral of f(x) dx = F(x) + C, the definite integral is denoted by the symbol
The quantity F(b) - F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) between the limits a and b or simply the definite integral from a to b. It is called the definite integral because the result involves neither x nor the constant C and therefore has a definite value. The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration, a being the lower limit and b the upper limit.
General Properties of Definite Integral
1. The sign of the integral changes if the limits are interchanged.
2. The interval of integration may be broken up into any number of subintervals, and integrate over each interval separately.
3. The definite integral of a given integrand is independent of the variable of integration. Hence, it makes no difference what letter is used for the variable of integration.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions | Fundamental Integration Formulas
In applying the formula (Example: Formula 1 below), it is important to note that the numerator du is the differential of the variable quantity u which appears squared inside the square root symbol. We mentally put the quantity under the radical into the form of the square of the constant minus the square of the variable.
