Acknowledgment

I am are greatly thankful for the cooperation and

help from the Community Science Center (CSC)
authorities and the Chemistry lab staff for the successful
completion of this investigatory project in the CSC
Chemistry lab. Without their help and proper guidance my
project might not have completed.

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 Index

1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Objectives of
project
4. Experiment
No.1
5. Experiment
No.2

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 Theory

Evaporation is the process whereby

atoms or molecules in a liquid state
(or solid state if the substance
sublimes) gain sufficient energy to
enter the gaseous state.

The thermal motion of a molecule

must be sufficient to overcome the
surface tension of the liquid in order
for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic
energy must exceed the work
function of cohesion at the surface.
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Evaporation therefore proceeds more
quickly at higher temperature and in
liquids with lower surface tension.
Since only a small proportion of the
molecules are located near the
surface and are moving in the proper
direction to escape at any given
instant, the rate of evaporation is
limited. Also, as the faster-moving
molecules escape, the remaining
molecules have lower average kinetic
energy, and the temperature of the
liquid thus decreases.

If the evaporation takes place in a

closed vessel, the escaping molecules
accumulate as a vapor above the
liquid. Many of the molecules return
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to the liquid, with returning molecules
becoming more frequent as the
density and pressure of the vapor
increases. When the process of
escape and return reaches
equilibrium, the vapor is said to be
"saturated," and no further change in
either vapor pressure and density or
liquid temperature will occur.

Gas has less order than liquid or solid

matter, and thus the entropy of the
system is increased, which always
requires energy input. This means
that the entropy change for
evaporation (ΔH) is always positive.

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 Forced evaporation is a process used
in the separation of mixtures, in
which a mixture is heated to drive off
the more volatile component (e.g.
water), leaving behind the dry, less
volatile, component.
It is a misconception that at 1 ATM,
water vapor only exists at 100°C.
Water molecules are in a constant
state of evaporation and
condensation flux near the surface of
liquid water. If a surface molecule
receives enough energy, it will leave
the liquid and turn into vapor pending
an allowable vapor pressure. Under a
pressure of 1 ATM, water will boil at
100°C.

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Factors influencing rate of
evaporation:-

1.Concentration of the substance

evaporating in the air. If the air
already has a high concentration
of the substance evaporating,
then the given substance will
evaporate more slowly.
2.Concentration of other substances
in the air. If the air is already
saturated with other substances,
it can have a lower capacity for
the substance evaporating.
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 3.Temperature of the substance. If
the substance is hotter, then
evaporation will be faster.
4.Flow rate of air. This is in part
related to the concentration
points above. If fresh air is
moving over the substance all the
time, then the concentration of
the substance in the air is less
likely to go up with time, thus
encouraging faster evaporation.
In addition, molecules in motion
have more energy than those at
rest, and so the stronger the flow
of air, the greater the evaporating
power of the air molecules.
5.Inter-molecular forces. The
stronger the forces keeping the
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 molecules together in the liquid
or solid state the more energy
that must be input in order to
evaporate them.

6.Surface area and

temperature: -

Because molecules or atoms

evaporate from a liquid’S surface, a
larger surface area allows more
molecules or atoms to leave the
liquid, and evaporation occurs more
quickly. For example, the same
amount of water will evaporate faster
if spilled on a table than if it is left in
a cup.
Higher temperatures also increase
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the rate of evaporation. At higher
temperatures, molecules or atoms
have a higher average speed, and
more particles are able to break free
of the liquid’S surface. For example, a
wet street will dry faster in the hot
sun than in the shade.

Intermolecular forces: -

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Most liquids are made up of
molecules, and the levels of mutual
attraction among different molecules
help explain why some liquids
evaporate faster than others.
Attractions between molecules arise
because molecules typically have
regions that carry a slight negative
charge, and other regions that carry a
slight positive charge. These regions
of electric charge are created
because some atoms in the molecule
are often more electronegative
(electron-attracting) than others. The
oxygen atom in a water (H2O)
molecule is more electronegative
than the hydrogen atoms, for
example, enabling the oxygen atom
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to pull electrons away from both
hydrogen atoms. As a result, the
oxygen atom in the water molecule
carries a partial negative charge,
while the hydrogen atoms carry a
partial positive charge. Water
molecules share a mutual attraction—
positively charged hydrogen atoms in
one water molecule attract negatively
charged oxygen atoms in nearby
water molecules.

Intermolecular attractions affect the

rate of evaporation of a liquid
because strong intermolecular
attractions hold the molecules in a
liquid together more tightly. As a
result, liquids with strong
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intermolecular attractions evaporate
more slowly than liquids with weak
intermolecular attractions. For
example, because water molecules
have stronger mutual attractions than
gasoline molecules (the electric
charges are more evenly distributed
in gasoline molecules), gasoline
evaporates more quickly than water.

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 Objective of project

In this project,we shall investigate

various factors that have already
been discussed such as nature of
liquid ,surface of liquid and
temperature and find their correlation
with the rate of evaporation of
different liquids.

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 Experiment no.1
Aim:
To compare the rate of evaporation of
water, acetone and diethyl ether.

Materials required:
China dish, Pipette, Beaker, Weighing
balance Measuring flask, Acetone,
Distilled water, Diethyl ether, Watch

PROCEDURE:
1. Take three china dishes.
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2. Pipette out 10 ml of each sample.
3. Dish A-Acetone
Dish B-Water
Dish C-Diethyl ether
4. Record the weights before
beginning the experiment.
5. Leave the three dishes undisturbed
for ½ an hr and
wait patiently.
6. Record the weights of the samples
after the given time.
7. Compare the prior and present
observations.
OBSERVATION:
Water Aceto Diethyl
(gm) ne Ether
(gm) (gm)
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Weight of dish 50 50 50
Weight of (dish + 60 57.85 57
substance) before
evaporation
Weight of (dish + 59.8 55.55 54.33
substance) after
evaporation
Weight of substance 0.2 2.30 2.67
evaporated

Inference and conclusion:

-

The rate of evaporation of the given

three liquids is in order :-
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Diethyl Ether>Acetone>Water

Reason: -

Water has extensive hydrogen

bonding in between oxygen atom of
one molecule and hydrogen atom of
another molecule. But this is absent
in the case of acetone.

Experiment no.2

Aim:-To study the effect of surface

area on the rate of evaporation of
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Diethyl ether.
Requirements
Three Petridishes of diameter 2.5
cm,5 cm, and 10 cm with covers ,10
ml pipette and stopwatch.
Procedure
1. Clean and dry the petridishes and
mark them as A,B,C.
2. Pipette out 10 ml of Diethyl ether in
each of the petridishes a,band C
cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all the three petridishes
simultaneously
and start the stopwatch.
4. Note the time when diethyl ether
evaporates completely from each
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petridish.

Observation Table
Petridish Diameter of Time taken
Mark petridish for
complete
evaporation
A 2.5 cm 11min
45sec
B 5.0 cm 8min 45sec
C 7.5 cm 6min 30sec

Result
It will be observed that maximum
evaporation occurs in petridish with
largest diameter followed by smaller
and the smallest petridish. It is
therefore , concluded that rate of
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evaporation increases with increase in
surface area.

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