Seminar On4G LANGUAGE

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Programming Language
A programming language is a machine-readable artificial
language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer.

Programming languages can be used to create programs that

specify the behavior of a machine,to express algorithms.

Many programming languages have their syntax and

semantics.

Generations of Programming 1 Generation: (1950-60) machine language. Language

st

2 4 5

nd

Generation: (1961-75) assembly language.

Generation: (1976-92) high-level programming languages, such as C, C++, and Java.

rd

Generation: (1993-2005) typical high-level programming languages closer to human languages.

th

Generation: (2005-..) used for artificial intelligence and neural networks.

th

 A first-generation programming language is a machine-level

programming language.

First-generation programming language

No translator was used to compile or assemble the firstgeneration language.

The main benefit of first-generation programming language is

that the code a user writes can run very fast and efficiently.

It is a lot more difficult to learn than higher generational

programming languages, and it is far more difficult to edit if errors occur.

 Machine language is an example of 1

st

G Language.

Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code. It is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads
and interprets.

 Second-generation programming language is a generational

way to categorize assembly languages.

Second-generation programming language

Second-generation programming languages have the

following properties: The code can be read and written by a programmer. To run on a computer it must be converted into a machine readable form, a process called assembly. The language is specific to a particular processor family and environment.

Assembly language
It is an example of 2nd G Language.
Assembly languages are a family of low-level languages
for programming computers.

It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric

machine codes.

Other constants needed to program a particular CPU

architecture.

Assembly language
Assembler

Assembler creates object code by translating assembly

instruction mnemonics into opcodes, and by resolving symbolic names for memory locations and other entities.

Assemblers are generally simpler to write than compilers

for high-level languages.

Third-generation programming The introduction of the compiler in 1952 spurred the language
development of third-generation computer languages.

These languages enable a programmer to create

program files using commands that are similar to spoken English.

Third-level computer languages have become the

major means of communication between the digital computer and its user.

Such as BASIC, C, FORTAN and Pascal.

Third-generation programming High-level language language

3rd G Languages are High-level Languages. After a program is written in one of the high-level
languages, it must be either compiled or interpreted.

Third-generation programming language A Compiler program rewrites the program into machine
language that the CPU can understand. This is done all at once and the program is saved in this new form.

A compiled program is generally considerably larger than

the original.

An Interpreter program translates the program

statements into machine language one line at a time as the program is running.

An interpreted program will be smaller than a compiled

one but will take longer to execute.

Fourth-generation programming language A fourth-generation programming language (1970s1990) (abbreviated 4GL) is a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software.

In the evolution of computing, the 4GL followed the 3GL

in an upward trend toward higher abstraction and statement power.

The 4GL was followed by efforts to define and use a 5GL.

Fourth-generation programming language 3GL development methods can be slow and error-prone.
Some applications could be developed more rapidly by
adding a higher-level programming language and methodology which would generate the equivalent of very complicated 3GL instructions with fewer errors.

All 4GLs are designed to reduce :

programming effort, the time it takes to develop software and the cost of software development.

Fourth-generation programming language Fourth-generation languages have often been compared

to domain-specific programming languages (DSLs).

For example, a typical 4GL command is

FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS "SMITH"

Types of 4 GL : Table-driven (codeless) programming, usually running

with runtime framework and libraries. Instead of using code. Report generators take a description of the data format and the report to generate and from that they either generate the required report directly or they generate a program to generate the report. Data management 4GLs such as SAS, SPSS and Stata provide sophisticated coding commands for data manipulation, file reshaping, case selection and data documentation in the preparation of data for statistical analysis and reporting.

Some fourth-generation languages

FoxPro

PowerBuilder SQL Report Builder Oracle Reports Graph Talk MATLAB CSS

Examples of 4G Languages
FoxPro
FoxPro has two meanings: Visual FoxPro - an object-oriented programming language and RDBMS, published by Microsoft, for Microsoft Windows. FoxPro 2 - a text-based procedural programming language and RDBMS, originally published by Fox Software and later by Microsoft, for MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX

Examples of 4G Languages
Database query languages

Query languages are computer languages used to Query languages can be classified according to SQL is a well known query language for relational
whether they are database query languages or information retrieval query languages. databases. make queries into databases and information systems.

XQuery is a query language for XML data sources.

Fifth-generation programming Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial language

intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.

The use of parallel processing and superconductors is

helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop

devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Fifth-generation programming Examples : language

Artificial intelligence :

The branch of computer science concerned with making

computers behave like humans.

There are several programming languages that are

known as AI languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog.

Fifth-generation programming Examples : language

Neural network

A type of artificial intelligence that attempts to imitate the

way a human brain works.

A neural network works by creating connections between

processing elements, the computer equivalent of neurons.

Neural networks are currently used prominently in voice

recognition systems, image recognition systems, industrial robotics, medical imaging, data mining and aerospace applications.