Chapter 2Books

Box 1Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them

• Keep hyphens in surnames

  • Estelle Palmer-Canton   becomes   Palmer-Canton E
  • Ahmed El-Assmy   becomes   El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'

  • Alan D. O'Brien   becomes   O'Brien AD
  • James O. L'Esperance   becomes   L'Esperance JO
  • U. S'adeh   becomes   S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames

  • Charles A. St. James   becomes   St James CA

Box 2Other surname rules

• Keep prefixes in surnames

  • Lama Al Bassit   becomes   Al Bassit L
  • Jiddeke M. van de Kamp   becomes   van de Kamp JM
  • Gerard de Pouvourville   becomes   de Pouvourville G
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears

  • Sergio Lopez Moreno   becomes   Lopez Moreno S
  • Jaime Mier y Teran   becomes   Mier y Teran J
  • Virginie Halley des Fontaines   becomes   Halley des Fontaines V
  • [If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the back of the title page (the copyright page) or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 3Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle

• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names

  • Jean-Louis Lagrot   becomes   Lagrot JL
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, a preposition, or another particle

  • D'Arcy Hart   becomes   Hart D
  • W. St. John Patterson   becomes   Patterson WS
  • De la Broquerie Fortier   becomes   Fortier D
  • Craig McC. Brooks   becomes   Brooks CM
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.

  • Ch. Wunderly   becomes   Wunderly C
  • C. Fr. Erdman   becomes   Erdman CF
• For non-English names that have been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh

Box 4Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name

  • James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   becomes   Reed JA
  • Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.   becomes   Schmidt K
  • Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army   becomes   Lang RV
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name

  • Sir Frances Hildebrand   becomes   Hildebrand F
  • Dr. Jane Eberhard   becomes   Eberhard J
  • Captain R.C. Williams   becomes   Williams RC

Box 5Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III

• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
  Examples:

  • Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   becomes   DeVita VT Jr
  • James G. Jones II   becomes   Jones JG 2nd
  • John A. Adams III   becomes   Adams JA 3rd
  • Henry B. Cooper IV   becomes   Cooper HB 4th

Box 6Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

• Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 7Non-English words for editor

• Translate the word found for editor into English. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for editor:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Editor
  French	redacteur
  	editeur
  German	redakteur
  	herausgeber
  Italian	redattore
  	curatore
  	editore
  Russian	redaktor
  	izdatel
  Spanish	redactor
  	editor

Box 8Organizations as author/editor

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or government body may serve as an author or editor.

• Omit "The" preceding an organizational name

  • The American Cancer Society   becomes   American Cancer Society
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas

  • American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.
  • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division.
  • American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, Working Group.
• When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Academy of Sciences (US).
  • Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (GB).
• Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon

  • Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of a book as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.

  • Stahl PH, Wermuth CG, editors. Handbook of pharmaceutical salts: properties, selection, and use. New York: Wiley-VCH; c2002. 374 p. Prepared for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
• For names of organizations not in English:

  • Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Follow a non-English name with a translation when possible. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.
    • Universitatsmedizin Berlin.
    • Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiologists].
  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Follow a non-English name with a translation when possible. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].
    • or
    • [Russian Respiratory Society].
  • Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • [Chinese Medical Society].
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe

Box 9No author can be found

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors or translators are present, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.

  • Morrison CP, Court FG, editors.
  • Walser E, translator.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors or translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the book. Do not use anonymous.

  • Handbook of geriatric drug therapy. Springhouse (PA): Springhouse; c2000. 1000 p.

Box 10Options for author names

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options.

• Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon and a space.

  • Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A.
  • Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T.
• If space is a consideration, the number of authors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first three authors. Follow the last named author by a comma and "et al." or "and others."

  • Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al.
  • Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others.

Box 11Abbreviations in affiliations

• Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period.

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See Appendix E for a list of these.
• Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.

Box 12E-mail address included

• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space
• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the publication
• Do not end an e-mail address with a period
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
  Example:

  • Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov), de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. delacruz@nichd.nih.gov).

Box 13Organizational names for affiliations not in English

• Give the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
• Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France), Moreno Perez D (Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain).
  • Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I.
  • Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

  • Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, Ishii T, Kubo A, Ishida T.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries when possible. For example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.

Box 14Names for cities and countries not in English

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries if possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

  • Moskva   becomes   Moscow
  • Wien   becomes   Vienna
  • Italia   becomes   Italy
  • Espana   becomes   Spain

Box 15Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Capitalize the first word of a book title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment of administrative occupational exposure limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands; 2002.
  • Ruggeri ZM, editor. von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function. New York: Springer; c1998. 257 p.
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. γ-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
  • may become
  • Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
  • Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; c2005. 634 p.
  • may become
  • Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; c2005. 634 p.
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses

  • Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO₂ nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2005. 278 p.
  • may become
  • Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO(2) nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2005. 278 p.

Box 16Titles not in English

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Tsimmerman IaS. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki. Perm (Russia): Permskaia Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia; 2003. 286 p. Russian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
  • or
  • Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization

  • Philbert-Hasucha S. Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken. Heidelberg: Springer Medizin; c2006. 402 p. German.
• Provide an English translation after the original language or romanized title when possible; place translations in square brackets

  • Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression]. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
  • Philbert-Hasucha S. Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken [Care compendium: principles, materials, techniques]. Heidelberg: Springer Medizin; c2006. 402 p. German.
  • Tsimmerman IaS. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies]. Perm (Russia): Permskaia Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia; 2003. 286 p. Russian.
  • Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.

Box 17Titles in more than one language

• If a book title is written in several languages:

  • Give the title in the first language found on the title page
  • List all languages of publication after the pagination (or Physical Description, if provided)
  • Separate the languages by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Puig-Samper MA, Ruiz R, Galera Andres, editors. Evolucionismo y cultura: darwinismo en Europa e Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish, English, French, Portuguese.
• If a book is published with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

  • Give all titles in the order they are given on the title page
  • Place an equals sign with a space on either side between each title
  • List all languages, separated by commas, after the pagination (or Physical Description, if provided)
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier. Le genome: avancees scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome: scientific and therapeutic developments and social consequences. Paris: Elsevier; c2002. 271 p. French, English.

Box 18Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles end in a period. When a translation of a book title is provided, place it in square brackets after the original language or romanized title. End with the period outside the closing bracket.

  • Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression]. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
• If a translated title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place it in the square brackets and end title information with a period.

  • Lasanta PJ. La eutanasia: es buena muerte? [Euthanasia: is it a good death?]. Logrono (Spain): Editorial Horizonte; 2006. 208 p. Spanish.

Box 19No title can be found

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the book or other short document simply begins with the text. In this circumstance:

• Construct a title from the first few words of the text
• Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful
• Place the constructed title in square brackets

Box 20Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most book titles end in a period. Place [dissertation], [master's thesis], or [bibliography] inside the period.

  • Kennaway JG. Musical pathology in the nineteenth century: Richard Wagner and degeneration [dissertation]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles; 2004. 317 p.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [dissertation], [master's thesis], or [bibliography] with a period

  • Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? [dissertation]. [Washington]: American University; 2003. 368 p.

Box 21Titles not in English

• If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets following the original language or romanized title

  • Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression]. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
• If a book is a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography, place [dissertation], [master's thesis], or [bibliography] after the square brackets for the translation

  • Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako [Sexual knowledge and behavior of young people 15-29 years of age concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.

Box 22Both a content type and a type of medium

• If a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography is in a microform, give the specific type of microform after the content type preceded by "on".

  • Brill S. Hygieia: health and medicine in Plato's Republic [dissertation on microfilm]. [College Park (PA)]: The Pennsylvania State University; 2004. 311 p.
  • Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia [master's thesis on microcard]. Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology; 1955. 55 p.

Box 23Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles of books end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] inside the period.

  • Pennell S, editor. Women and medicine: remedy books, 1533-1865, from the Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, London [microfilm]. London: Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine; c2004. 35 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] with a period

  • Barber RM. What shall I eat? [microfilm]. Hokinson HE, illustrator. New York: Macmillan Co.; 1933. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

Box 24Titles not in English

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets after the original language or romanized title

  • Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression]. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
• If a book title is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific name of the microform in square brackets following the translation

  • Jousset TA. Etude et traitment de la meningite tuberculeuse [Study and treatment of meningeal tuberculosis] [microfilm]. Paris: Masson; 1933. 152 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

Box 25Abbreviation rules for editions

• Abbreviate common words found in edition statements, if desired:

  View in own window

  Word	Abbreviation
  edition	ed.
  abbreviated	abbr.
  abridged	abr.
  American	Am.
  augmented	augm.
  authorized	authoriz.
  English	Engl.
  enlarged	enl.
  expanded	expand.
  illustrated	ill.
  modified	mod.
  original	orig.
  reprint(ed)	repr.
  revised	rev.
  special	spec.
  translation	transl.
  translated

  For additional abbreviations, see ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of bibliographic terms.
• Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a period

  • 3rd rev. ed.
  • 1st Engl. ed.

Box 26Non-English words for editions

• For non-English edition statements in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):

  • Provide the name in the original language
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words

    • Deutsch E, Lippert HD, editors. Kommentar zum Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG). 2, Aufl. Berlin: Springer; 2007. 885 p. German.
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Ed. 1a.
    • 5. ed. interamente riv. e aggiornata.
    • 2. ed. veneta.
    • Nuova ed.
    • Seconda ed.
    • 4a ed. rev. e ampliada.
    • 2° ed. ampliada y actualizada.
    • 2., Aufl.
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:

  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the words for edition. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Examples: ĉ or ç   becomes   c
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Izd. 3., perer. i dop.
    • 2. dopunjeno izd.
    • 2. ekd. epeux.
    • 3. ekd.
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese:

  • Transliterate or translate the words for edition
  • Do not abbreviate any of the words or omit any words
  • Use the capitalization system of the particular language
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
    Examples:

    • ŏ   becomes   o
    • ū   becomes   u
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • End all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Shohan.
    • Dai 1-han.
    • Dai 3-pan.
    • Di 3 ban.
    • Cai se ban, Xianggang di 1 ban.
    • Che 6-p`an.
• To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Edition	Abbreviation
  Danish	oplag	n.a.
  	udgave
  Dutch	uitgave	uitg.
  	editie	ed.
  Finnish	julkaisu	julk.
  French	edition	ed.
  German	Ausgabe	Ausg.
  	Auflage	Aufl.
  Greek	ekdosis	ekd.
  Italian	edizione	ed.
  Norwegian	publikasjon	publ.
  	utgave	utg.
  Portuguese	edicao	ed.
  Russian	izdanie	izd.
  	publikacija	publ.
  Spanish	edicion	ed.
  	publicacion	publ.
  Swedish	upplaga	n.a.

Box 27First editions

• If a book does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published and you are citing the earlier one

Box 28More than one type of secondary author

A book may have several types of secondary author.

• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate each type of secondary author with the accompanying role by a semicolon
• End secondary author information with a period
  Examples:

  • Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, illustrator.
  • Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA, illustrators.

Box 29Secondary author performing more than one role

If the same secondary author performs more than one role:

• List all the roles in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate the roles by "and"
• End secondary author information with a period
  Example:

  • Jones AB, editor and translator.

Box 30Non-English names for secondary authors

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English words for them:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Editor	Word for Translator	Word for Illustrator
  French	redacteur	traducteur	illustrateur
  	editeur
  German	redakteur	ubersetzer	illustrator
  	herausgeber	dolmetscher
  Italian	redattore	traduttore	disegnatore
  	curatore
  	editore
  Russian	redaktor	perevodchik	konstruktor
  	izdatel
  Spanish	redactor	traductor	ilustrador
  	editor

Box 31Organization as editor

On rare occasions an organization will be listed as the editor.

• Follow the instructions for entering Organizations as author/editor
• Place a comma, space, and the word editor after the organization name
  Example:

  • Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, editor. Index nominum: international drug directory. 18th ed. Stuttgart (Germany): Medpharm Scientific Publications; 2004. 1823 p.

Box 32Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, when possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province (see Appendix E), placed in parentheses:

  • Montreal (QC):
  • Ottawa (ON):
  • Vancouver (BC):
• For cities in other countries, if the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the same name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in parentheses.

  • London:
  • Rome:
  • Paris:
  • Madrid:
  • but
  • Malaga (Spain):   or   Malaga (ES):
  • Basel (Switzerland):   or   Basel (CH):
  • Oxford (England):   or   Oxford (GB):
• As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US or Canada

Box 33Joint publication

Two or more organizations may co-publish a book.

• Use the city of the first organization found on the title page (or on the back of the title page if no place information appears on the title page), as the place of publication
• Place the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if desired

  • Chandler F, editor. Herbs: everyday reference for health professionals. Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association; c2000. 240 p. Co-published by the Canadian Medical Association.
• Do not give multiple places as place of publication or include multiple publishers

Box 34Multiple places of publication

• If more than one place of publication is found, use the first one or the one set in the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places.
• An alternative is to use the place of publication and publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list. For example, use the place of an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.

Box 35No place of publication can be found

• If no place of publication can be found on the title page or its verso (back), but one can be found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]".

  • Marquis DK. Advance care planning: a practical guide for physicians. [Chicago]: AMA Press; c2001. 105 p.
• If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use [place unknown]

  • Kuttner L. A child in pain: how to help, what to do. [place unknown]: Hartley & Marks; 1996. 271 p.

Box 36Abbreviated words in publisher names

• Abbreviate commonly used words in publisher names, if desired

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Ltd. for Limited
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.
• Follow all abbreviated words with a period

Box 37Non-English names for publishers

• Give publisher names in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original language

  • Rome: Societa Editrice Universo;
  • Lisbon: Imprensa Medica;
• Romanize names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean

  • Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura;
• Romanize names or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha;
  • Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research Institute];
  • Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she;
  • [Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore in transliterating Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized]
• If the name of a division or another part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest

  • Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• If desired, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press];
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press];

Box 38Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher

• When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Cancer Institute (US)
  • National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ)
  • Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB)
  • Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor of documents for the publisher. For example, the most common distributors of US government agency publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor, the city and state, and the accession or order number.

  • What kind of birth control is best for you? Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US); 2000. 12 p. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.

Box 39Joint publication

Two or more organizations may co-publish a book.

• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the verso (back) of the title page
• Place the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if desired
  Example:

  • Chandler F, editor. Herbs: everyday reference for health professionals. Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association; c2000. 240 p. Co-published by the Canadian Medical Association.
• Do not give more than one name as publisher

Box 40Multiple publishers

• If more than one publisher is found in a document, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or bold type
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list. For example, use an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first as the publisher and include the name of the other(s) as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association".
• End publisher information with a semicolon
  Example:

  • Chandler F, editor. Herbs: everyday reference for health professionals. Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association; c2000. 240 p. Co-published by the Canadian Medical Association.

Box 41No publisher can be found

• If no publisher can be determined, use the words "publisher unknown" placed in square brackets

  • Sciarra C. Harvey Cushing fondatore della neurochirurgia. Rome: [publisher unknown]; [1971?]. Italian.

Box 42Multiple years of publication

• For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last year of publication by a hyphen. Do not shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.

  • 2002-2003
  • 1997-1998
  • 1999-2000
• If months are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters.

  • 1999 Oct-2000 Mar
  • 2002 Dec-2003 Jan
• Separate multiple months of publication by a hyphen

  • 2005 Jan-Feb
  • 1999 Dec-2000 Jan
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen; for example, Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of seasons.

Box 43Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
  Examples:

  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 44Seasons instead of months

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
  For example:

  • balvan = Summer
  • outomno = Fall
  • hiver = Winter
  • pomlad = Spring

Box 45Date of publication and date of copyright

Some publications have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.

• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate the two dates
• In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
• Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"
• Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".

This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date of publication implies.

• Example:

  • Research Task Force on Risk-Based Inservice Testing Guidelines. Risk-based testing: development of guidelines. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2000, c1996.

Box 46No date of publication, but a date of copyright

• A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005.
  Examples:

  • Kruger L, editor. Pain and touch. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; c1996. 394 p.
  • Mark BS, Incorvaia J, editors. The handbook of infant, child, and adolescent psychotherapy. Northvale (NJ): Jason Aronson Inc.; c1995-1997. 2 vol.

Box 47No date of publication or copyright can be found

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date can be estimated because of material in the book itself or on accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets

  • Pathak L, editor. Echocardiography non invasive diagnosis. Bombay: Cardiological Society of India; [1980?].
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be estimated, use [date unknown]

  • Marcuzzi A. Alimentazione: risorse e possibilita. Bologna (Italy): Malipiero S.p.A. Editore; [date unknown]. 72 p. Italian.

Box 48Options for date of publication

It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no authors) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.

• Use only the year of publication
• If there is no year of publication, use the year of copyright
• Place the year after the last named author (or after the title if there is no author), followed by a period
• End publisher information with a period
  NLM citation:
  Barnett T, Whiteside A. AIDS in the twenty-first century: disease and globalization. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2006. 449 p.
  HIV/AIDs resources: a nationwide directory. 10th ed. Longmont (CO): Guides for Living; c2004. 792 p.
  Name-year system of citation:
  Barnett T, Whiteside A. 2006. AIDS in the twenty-first century: disease and globalization. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 449 p.
  HIV/AIDs resources: a nationwide directory. c2004. 10th ed. Longmont (CO): Guides for Living. 792 p.

Box 49Roman numerals used as page numbers

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:

• Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
• Follow the number by "p."
• Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
• End page information with a period
  Example: [20 p.].

Box 50No numbers appear on the pages of the book

Occasionally, a book will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page numbers:

• Count the total number of pages of the text
• Express the total as leaves, not pages
• End with a period
  Examples:

  • Howell E. Access to children's mental health services under Medicaid and SCHIP. Washington: Urban Institute; c2004. 7 leaves.
  • Zaadstra BM, Staats PG, Davidse W. Aard en omvang van cannabis gebruik bij mensen met MS. Leiden (Netherlands): TNO Preventie en Gezondheid; 1998. 37 leaves. Dutch.

Box 51Language for describing physical characteristics

If a book is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:

• Begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a colon and a space

  • 5 microfiche:
  • 3 reels: [of microfilm]
  • 2 microcards:
• Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and mm. for millimeters. Separate types of information by commas.
  Typical words used include:
  color
  black & white
  positive
  negative
  4 x 6 in. (standard microfiche size)
  3 x 5 in. (standard microcard size)
  35 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
  16 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
  Examples of complete physical description statements:
  3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
  5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
  1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

Box 52Series editor's name provided

As an option, the name of the overall series editor may be included with the series information.

• Begin with the name of the series editor or editors:

  • Give surname first
  • Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following each surname
  • Separate multiple names with a comma
  • End name information with a comma
  • See the information under Author/Editor for further name rules
• Place the word editor or editors after the name information, followed by a period
• Enter the name of the series, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns
• Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or number. For example, vol. 3 for a volume or no. 12 for an issue number.
• Separate the name and the numbers by a semicolon and a space
• Place series information in parentheses
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis
  Example:

  • Forsman RB, editor. Administration and management in health sciences libraries. Lanham (MD): Medical Library Association; c2000. (Bunting A, editor. Current practice in health sciences librarianship; vol. 8).

Box 53Multiple series

If a book is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.

• Place each series in parentheses
• Separate the series by a semicolon and a space
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis of the last series
  Example:

  • Rugg DL, Peersman G, Carael M, editors. Global advances in HIV/AIDS monitoring and evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; c2004. 180 p. (New directions for evaluation; no. 103); (Jossey-Bass education series).

Box 54Non-English names for volumes

• Use the word for volume of the particular language. Give the abbreviated form if known, followed by a period.

  • t. 5
  • bd. 3
• Convert words and roman numerals used for volume numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two or II becomes 2
• See the following list of words and their abbreviations, if any, used for volume in a variety of languages:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Volume	Abbreviation
  French	volume	vol.
  	tome	t.
  	annee
  German	Band	bd.
  	Jahrgang	jahrg.
  Italian	volume	vol.
  	tomo	t.
  	annata
  Russian	tom
  	godovoj komplert	god.
  Spanish	volumen	vol.
  	tomo	t.
  	ano

Box 55Books appearing in more than one language

• If a book is written in several languages:

  • Give the title in the first language found on the title page
  • List all languages after the pagination, or physical description if present
  • Capitalize the language names
  • Separate the language names by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Puig-Samper MA, Ruiz R, Galera Andres A, editors. Evolucionismo y cultura: darwinismo en Europa e Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish, English, French, Portuguese.
• If a book is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

  • Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page
  • Separate them with an equals sign with a space on either side
  • List the languages after the pagination
  • Capitalize the language names
  • Separate the language names by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier. Le genome: avancees scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome: scientific and therapeutic developments and social consequences. Paris: Elsevier; c2002. 271 p. French, English.
• If none of the titles is English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the translation in square brackets.
  Example:

  • Lopez Ferez JA, editor. La lengua cientifica griega: origenes, desarrollo e influencia en las lenguas modernas europeas [The Greek scientific language: origins, development and influence on modern European languages]. Madrid: Ediciones Clasicas; 2000. 2 vol. Spanish, French, German, Greek, Italian.

Box 56Book accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If a book has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the book. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by the number and type of the medium.

  • Di Lauro A, Brandon E. The MIBIS manual: preparing records in microcomputer-based bibliographic information systems. 2nd ed. Ottawa (ON): International Development Research Centre; 1995. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.

Box 57Book with an ISBN

• If the book has been assigned an International Standard Book Number, provide the number if desired. Begin with "ISBN: ".

  • Stern SD, Cifu AS, Altkorn D. Symptom to diagnosis: an evidence-based guide. New York: Lange Medical Books; c2006. 434 p. ISBN: 9780071463898.

Box 58Other types of material to include in notes

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the book, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:

• If the book is available from a distributor rather than the publisher, give the name of the distributor, its location, and any accession or finding number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space.

  • What kind of birth control is best for you? Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US); 2000. 12 p. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.
• If the book is translated or otherwise adapted from another book, give the name of the original

  • Holz FG. Age-related macular degeneration. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2004. 234 p. Translated from the German title Altersabhangige Makuladegeneration.
• If the book was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization, give the name

  • Stahl PH, Wermuth CG, editors. Handbook of pharmaceutical salts: properties, selection, and use. New York: Wiley-VCH; c2002. 374 p. Prepared for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
• If the book is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.

  • Tereshchenko NM. Biologicheski aktivnye veshchestva i ikh surrogaty. Cherkasy (Ukraine): Vidlunnia-Plius; 2003. 103 p. Russian. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 2004 H-230.
• If the book contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be apparent from the title, describe it

  • Palazzo RE, Davis TN, editors. Centrosomes and spindle pole bodies. San Diego: Academic Press; c2001. 375 p. 16 pages of plates, some color.
• If the author’s manuscript is available electronically

  • Hao Zheng, Ng F, Yixiao Liu, Hardin PE. Spatial and circadian regulation of cry in Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms. Forthcoming. [cited 2008 Aug 11]:[18 p.]. Author’s manuscript available at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18663236 PubMed Central; PMCID: PMC2504742.

Box 59Non-English names for volumes

• Use the word for volume of the particular language. Give the abbreviated form if known, followed by a period.

  • T. 5
  • Bd. 3
• Convert words and roman numerals used for volume numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two or II becomes 2
• See the following list of words and their abbreviations, if any, used for volume in a variety of languages:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Volume	Abbreviation
  French	Volume	Vol.
  	Tome	T.
  	Annee
  German	Band	Bd.
  	Jahrgang	Jahrg.
  Italian	Volume	Vol.
  	Tomo	T.
  	Annata
  Russian	Tom
  	Godovoj komplert	God.
  Spanish	Volumen	Vol.
  	Tomo	T.
  	Ano

Box 60Numbers labeled other than volume

Most books in multivolume sets are identified by volume numbers, such as vol. 4. Occasionally, however, other names are used, such as section, part, and number. When other names are used:

• Abbreviate them and end the abbreviated words with a period

  • Section = Sect.
  • Part = Pt.
  • Number = No.
• For languages other than English, use the word provided by the particular language. Give the abbreviated form if known, followed by a period.
• See the following list of words used for section, part, and number in a variety of languages:

  View in own window

  Language	Section	Part	Number
  French	Section	Partie	Cahier
  		Part	Numero
  German	Sektion	Teil	Heft
  	Abteilung		Nummer
  			Lieferung
  Italian	Sezione	Parte	Numero
  	Parte		Fascicolo
  Russian	Sekcija	Cast'	Nomer
  	Otdel
  	Otdelenie
  Spanish	Seccion	Parte	Numero
  	Parte		Fasciculo

• Convert words used for numbers and roman numerals into arabic numbers, such that the word for two or II becomes 2
  Example:

  • Merbach W, Muller-Uri C. Lead in the environment [bibliography]. Pt. 3, Distribution of the environmental lead. Halle (Germany): Universitats- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt; 1993. 211 p. English, German, French, Spanish, Polish, Italian.

Box 61Non-English titles for volumes

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • T. 10, Splenomegalie.
  • Bd. 3, Massenmigration in Europa.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Tom 5, Demograficheskie vzaimosvyazi obrazovaniya.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • 2-kwon, 21-segi yakop ui chwapyo wa pijon.
  • or
  • [Vol. 2, Pharmaceutical perspective and vision in the 21st century].
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization

  • Bd. 3, Diagnostik hormonell aktiver Nebennierenraumforderungen.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Provide an English translation placed in square brackets after the original language or romanized title, when possible.

  • Vol. 1, Principios de anatomia osea y dental [Vol. 1, Principles of bone and dental anatomy].

Box 62Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Capitalize the first word of the title of a volume unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • Vol. 10, n-alkenes.
  • Vol. 3, de Crecchio syndrome.
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • Vol. 3, Seeds and γ-radiation.
  • may become
  • Vol. 3, Seeds and gamma-radiation.
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts than cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses.

  • Vol. 4, Transport of NH₃.
  • may become
  • Vol. 4, Transport of NH(3).

Box 63Roman numerals for page numbers

• If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a volume have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:

  • Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
  • Follow the number by "p."
  • Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [52 p.]
  • End page information with a period
    Example: [75 p.].
• If the volumes of a book are continuously paginated, e.g., the pagination is continued from one volume to another:

  • Provide the beginning and ending pages of the volume
  • Give numbers in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the volume
  • Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
  • End page information with a period
    Examples:

    • p. CCV-CCCXXIII.
    • p. ccv-cccxxvii

Box 64Volumes continuously paginated

Many books published in multiple volumes with separate titles are paginated anew with each volume. Some books, however, continue the pagination from one volume to another.

• When citing a volume in a book with pagination continued from one volume to another, give the beginning and ending pages of the volume
• Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
• Do not repeat page numbers. For example: p. 1018-1904 becomes p. 1018-904.
  Example:

  • Goldstein RE, Haywood VA, editors. Esthetics in dentistry. 2nd ed. Vol. 2, Esthetic problems of individual teeth, missing teeth, malocclusion, special populations. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2002. p. 471-884.

Box 65Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them

• Keep hyphens in surnames

  • Estelle Palmer-Canton   becomes   Palmer-Canton E
  • Ahmed El-Assmy   becomes   El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'

  • Alan D. O'Brien   becomes   O'Brien AD
  • James O. L'Esperance   becomes   L'Esperance JO
  • U. S'adeh   becomes   S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames

  • Charles A. St. James   becomes   St James CA

Box 66Other surname rules

• Keep prefixes in surnames

  • Lama Al Bassit   becomes   Al Bassit L
  • Jiddeke M. van de Kamp   becomes   van de Kamp JM
  • Gerard de Pouvourville   becomes   de Pouvourville G
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears

  • Sergio Lopez Moreno   becomes   Lopez Moreno S
  • Jaime Mier y Teran   becomes   Mier y Teran J
  • Virginie Halley des Fontaines   becomes   Halley des Fontaines V
  • [If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the back of the title page (the copyright page) or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 67Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle

• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names

  • Jean-Louis Lagrot   becomes   Lagrot JL
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, a preposition, or another particle

  • D'Arcy Hart   becomes   Hart D
  • W. St. John Patterson   becomes   Patterson WS
  • De la Broquerie Fortier   becomes   Fortier D
  • Craig McC. Brooks   becomes   Brooks CM
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.

  • Ch. Wunderly   becomes   Wunderly C
  • C. Fr. Erdman   becomes   Erdman CF
• For non-English names that have been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh

Box 68Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name

  • James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   becomes   Reed JA
  • Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.   becomes   Schmidt K
  • Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army   becomes   Lang RV
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name

  • Sir Frances Hildebrand   becomes   Hildebrand F
  • Dr. Jane Eberhard   becomes   Eberhard J
  • Captain R.C. Williams   becomes   Williams RC

Box 69Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III

• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
  Examples:

  • Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   becomes   DeVita VT Jr
  • James G. Jones II   becomes   Jones JG 2nd
  • John A. Adams III   becomes   Adams JA 3rd
  • Henry B. Cooper IV   becomes   Cooper HB 4th

Box 70Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

• Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 71Non-English words for editor

• Translate the word found for editor into English. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for editor:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Editor
  French	redacteur
  	editeur
  German	redakteur
  	herausgeber
  Italian	redattore
  	curatore
  	editore
  Russian	redaktor
  	izdatel
  Spanish	redactor
  	editor

Box 72Organizations as author/editor

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may serve as an author or editor.

• Omit "The" preceding an organizational name

  • The American Cancer Society   becomes   American Cancer Society
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas

  • American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.
  • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division.
  • American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, Working Group.
• When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Academy of Sciences (US).
  • Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (GB).
• Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon

  • Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of a book as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.

  • Prepared for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
• For names of organizations not in English:

  • Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.
    • Universitatsmedizin Berlin.
    • Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiologists].
  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].
    • or
    • [Russian Respiratory Society].
  • Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • [Chinese Medical Society].
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe

Box 73No author can be found

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors or translators are present, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.

  • Morrison CP, Court FG, editors.
  • Walser E, translator.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors or translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the book. Do not use anonymous.

Box 74Options for author names

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options.

• Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon and a space.

  • Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A.
  • Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T.
• If space is a consideration, the number of authors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first three authors. Follow the last named author by a comma and "et al." or "and others."

  • Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al.
  • Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others.

Box 75Abbreviations in affiliations

• Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period.

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See Appendix E for a list of these.
• Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.

Box 76E-mail address included

• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space
• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the publication
• Do not end an e-mail address with a period
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
  Example:

  • Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov), de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. delacruz@nichd.nih.gov).

Box 77Organizational names for affiliations not in English

• Give the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
• Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France), Moreno Perez D (Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain).
  • Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I.
  • Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

  • Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, Ishii T, Kubo A, Ishida T.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.

Box 78Names for cities and countries not in English

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries if possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

  • Moskva   becomes   Moscow
  • Wien   becomes   Vienna
  • Italia   becomes   Italy
  • Espana   becomes   Spain

Box 79Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Capitalize the first word of a book title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment of administrative occupational exposure limits.
  • von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function.
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • γ-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
  • may become
  • Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
  • Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids.
  • may become
  • Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids.
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses

  • TiO₂ nanoparticles.
  • may become
  • TiO(2) nanoparticles.

Box 80Titles not in English

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Anrakushi to keiho.
  • or
  • [Euthanasia and criminal law].
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization

  • Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken.
• Provide an English translation after the original language title when possible; place translations in square brackets

  • Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression].
  • Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken [Care compendium: principles, materials, techniques].
  • Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies].
  • Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law].

Box 81Titles in more than one language

• If a book title is written in several languages:

  • Give the title in the first language found on the title page
  • List all languages of publication after the pagination (or Physical Description, if provided)
  • Separate the languages by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
• If a book is published with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

  • Give all titles in the order they are given in the text
  • Place an equals sign with a space on either side between each title
  • List all languages, separated by commas, after the pagination (or Physical Description, if provided)
  • End the list of languages with a period

Box 82Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles end in a period. When a translation of a book title is provided, place it in square brackets after the original language or romanized title. End with the period outside the closing bracket.

  • Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression].
• If a translated title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place it in the square brackets and end title information with a period.

  • La eutanasia: es buena muerte? [Euthanasia: is it a good death?].

Box 83No title can be found

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the book or other short document simply begins with the text. In this circumstance:

• Construct a title from the first few words of the text
• Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful
• Place the constructed title in square brackets
  Example:

  • Alizai S, Zia A. [Chanesar Goth and Landhi]. Islamabad (Pakistan): [publisher unknown]; [1993?]. 53 p. (Gender differentials in access to health care for Pakistani children; vol. 3).

Box 84Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles of volumes end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] inside the period.

  • Oral pathology [microfiche].
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] with a period

  • What shall I eat? [microfilm].

Box 85Titles not in English

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets after the original language or romanized title

  • Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y peritoneo [Abdomen: liver, spleen, bile ducts, pancreas and peritoneum].
• If a book title is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific name of the microform in square brackets following the translation

  • Etude et traitment de la meningite tuberculeuse [Study and treatment of meningeal tuberculosis] [microfilm].

Box 86Abbreviation rules for editions

• Abbreviate common words found in edition statements, if desired:

  View in own window

  Word	Abbreviation
  edition	ed.
  abbreviated	abbr.
  abridged	abr.
  American	Am.
  augmented	augm.
  authorized	authoriz.
  English	Engl.
  enlarged	enl.
  expanded	expand.
  illustrated	ill.
  modified	mod.
  original	orig.
  reprint(ed)	repr.
  revised	rev.
  special	spec.
  translation	transl.
  translated

  For additional abbreviations, see ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of bibliographic terms.
• Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a period

  • 3rd rev. ed.
  • 1st Engl. ed.

Box 87Non-English words for editions

• For non-English edition statements in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):

  • Provide the name in the original language
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Ed. 1a.
    • 5. ed. interamente riv. e aggiornata.
    • 2. ed. veneta.
    • Nuova ed.
    • Seconda ed.
    • 4a ed. rev. e ampliada.
    • 2° ed. ampliada y actualizada.
    • 2., Aufl.
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean:

  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the words for edition. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Examples: ĉ or ç   becomes   c
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Izd. 3., perer. i dop.
    • 2. dopunjeno izd.
    • 2. ekd. epeux.
    • 3. ekd.
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese:

  • Transliterate or translate the words for edition
  • Do not abbreviate any of the words or omit any words
  • Use the capitalization system of the particular language
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
    Examples:

    • ŏ   becomes   o
    • ū   becomes   u
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • End all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Shohan.
    • Dai 1-han.
    • Dai 3-pan.
    • Di 3 ban.
    • Cai se ban, Xianggang di 1 ban.
    • Che 6-p`an.
• To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Edition	Abbreviation
  Danish	oplag	n.a.
  	udgave
  Dutch	uitgave	uitg.
  	editie	ed.
  Finnish	julkaisu	julk.
  French	edition	ed.
  German	Ausgabe	Ausg.
  	Auflage	Aufl.
  Greek	ekdosis	ekd.
  Italian	edizione	ed.
  Norwegian	publikasjon	publ.
  	utgave	utg.
  Portuguese	edicao	ed.
  Russian	izdanie	izd.
  	publikacija	publ.
  Spanish	edicion	ed.
  	publicacion	publ.
  Swedish	upplaga	n.a.

Box 88First editions

• If a book does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published and you are citing the earlier one

Box 89More than one type of secondary author

A book may have several types of secondary author.

• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate each type of secondary author with the accompanying role by a semicolon
• End secondary author information with a period
  Examples:

  • Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA, illustrators.

Box 90Secondary author performing more than one role

If the same secondary author performs more than one role:

• List all the roles in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate the roles by "and"
• End secondary author information with a period
  Example:

  • Jones AB, editor and translator.

Box 91Non-English names for secondary authors

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English words for them:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Editor	Word for Translator	Word for Illustrator
  French	redacteur	traducteur	illustrateur
  	editeur
  German	redakteur	ubersetzer	illustrator
  	herausgeber	dolmetscher
  Italian	redattore	traduttore	disegnatore
  	curatore
  	editore
  Russian	redaktor	perevodchik	konstruktor
  	izdatel
  Spanish	redactor	traductor	ilustrador
  	editor

Box 92Organization as editor

On rare occasions an organization will be listed as the editor.

• Follow the instructions for entering Organizations as author/editor
• Place a comma, space, and the word editor after the organization name
  Example:

  • Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, editor.

Box 93Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, when possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province (see Appendix E), placed in parentheses:

  • Montreal (QC):
  • Ottawa (ON):
  • Vancouver (BC):
• For cities in other countries, if the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the same name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in parentheses.

  • London:
  • Rome:
  • Paris:
  • Madrid:
  • but
  • Malaga (Spain):   or   Malaga (ES):
  • Basel (Switzerland):   or   Basel (CH):
  • Oxford (England):   or   Oxford (GB):
• As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US or Canada

Box 94Joint publication

Two or more organizations may co-publish a book.

• Use the city of the first organization found on the title page (or on the back of the title page if no place information appears on the title page), as the place of publication
• Place the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if desired

  • Co-published by the Canadian Medical Association.
• Do not give multiple places as place of publication or include multiple publishers

Box 95Multiple places of publication

• If more than one place of publication is found, use the first one or the one set in the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places.
• An alternative is to use the place of publication and publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list. For example, use the place of an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.

Box 96No place of publication can be found

• If no place of publication can be found on the title page or its verso (back), but one can be found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]".
• If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use [place unknown]

  • [place unknown]: Hoobler; 1991.

Box 97Abbreviated words in publisher names

• Abbreviate commonly used words in publisher names, if desired

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Ltd. for Limited
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.
• Follow all abbreviated words with a period

Box 98Non-English names for publishers

• Give publisher names in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original language

  • Rome: Societa Editrice Universo;
  • Lisbon: Imprensa Medica;
• Romanize names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean

  • Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura;
• Romanize names or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha;
  • Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research Institute];
  • Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she;
  • [Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore in transliterating Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized]
• If the name of a division or another part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest

  • Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• If desired, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press];
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press];

Box 99Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher

• When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Cancer Institute (US)
  • National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ)
  • Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB)
  • Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor of documents for the publisher. For example, the most common distributors of US government agency publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor, the city and state, and the accession or order number.

  • Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War psychiatry. Falls Church (VA): Department of the Army (US), Office of the Surgeon General; 1995. 508 p. (Lounsbury DE, editor. Textbooks of military medicine). Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; D 104.35:PT.1/V.4.

Box 100Joint publication

Two or more organizations may co-publish a book.

• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the verso (back) of the title page.
• Place the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if desired

  • Co-published by the Canadian Medical Association.
• Do not give more than one name as publisher

Box 101Multiple publishers

• If more than one publisher is found in a document, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or bold type
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list. For example, use an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first as the publisher and include the name of the other(s) as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association".
• End publisher information with a semicolon

Box 102No publisher can be found

• If no publisher can be determined, use the words "publisher unknown" placed in square brackets.

  • Alizai S, Zia A. [Chanesar Goth and Landhi]. Islamabad (Pakistan): [publisher unknown]; [1993?]. 53 p. (Gender differentials in access to health care for Pakistani children; vol. 3).

Box 103Multiple years of publication

• For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last year of publication by a hyphen. Do not shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.

  • 2002-2003
  • 1997-1998
  • 1999-2000
• If months are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters.

  • 1999 Oct-2000 Mar
  • 2002 Dec-2003 Jan
• Separate multiple months of publication by a hyphen

  • 2005 Jan-Feb
  • 1999 Dec-2000 Jan
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen; for example, Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of seasons.

Box 104Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
  Examples:

  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 105Seasons instead of months

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
  For example:

  • balvan = Summer
  • outomno = Fall
  • hiver = Winter
  • pomlad = Spring

Box 106Date of publication and date of copyright

Some publications have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.

• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate the two dates
• In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
• Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"
• Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".

This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date of publication implies.

Box 107No date of publication, but a date of copyright

• A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005.
  Examples:

  • Renninger KA, Sigel IE, editors. Child psychology in practice. 6th ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c2006. 1073 p. (Damon W, Lerner RM, editors. Handbook of child psychology; vol. 4).
  • Wilcox CS, editor. Hypertension and the kidney. Philadelphia: Current Medicine, Inc.; c1999. (Schrier RW, editor. Atlas of diseases of the kidney; vol. 3).

Box 108No date of publication or copyright can be found

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date can be estimated because of material in the volume itself or on accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets

  • Bombay: Cardiological Society of India; [1980?].
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be estimated, use [date unknown]

  • Bologna (Italy): Malipiero S.p.A. Editore; [date unknown].

Box 109Options for date of publication

It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:

The date of publication may follow the author names (or editor if there are no authors) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.

• Use only the year of publication
• If there is no year of publication, use the year of copyright
• Place the year after the last named author (or after the editor if there is no author), followed by a period
• End publisher information with a period
  NLM citation:
  Belar CD, editor. Sociocultural and individual differences. New York: Pergamon; 1998. 384 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology; vol. 10).
  Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. Models and perspectives in health psychology. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2004. 641 p. (Boll TJ, editor. Handbook of clinical health psychology; vol. 3).
  Name-year system of citation:
  Belar CD, editor. 1998. Sociocultural and individual differences. New York: Pergamon. 384 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology; vol. 10).
  Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. c2004. Models and perspectives in health psychology. Washington: American Psychological Association. 641 p. (Boll TJ, editor. Handbook of clinical health psychology; vol. 3).

Box 110Volume in a set continuously paginated

Many books published in multiple volumes with separate authors/editors and titles are paginated anew with each volume. Some books, however, continue the pagination from one volume to another.

• When citing a volume in a multivolume set with pagination continued from one volume to another, give the beginning and ending pages of the volume
• Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
• Do not repeat page numbers. For example: p. 1018-1904 becomes p. 1018-904.
  Examples:

  • Gross AM, Drabman RS, editors. Child clinical applications. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; c2005. p. 653-1118. (Hersen M, editor. Encyclopedia of behavior modification and cognitive behavior therapy; vol. 2).
  • Guyuron B, editor. Aesthetic surgery. Kanasz J, illustrator. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c2000. p. 2427-887. (Achauer BM, Eriksson E, Guyuron B, Coleman JJ 3rd, Russell RC, Vander Kolk CA, editors. Plastic surgery: indications, operations, and outcomes; vol. 5).

Box 111Roman numerals used as page numbers

• If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a volume have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:

  • Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
  • Follow the number by "p."
  • Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [52 p.]
  • End page information with a period
    Example: [75 p.].
• If the volumes of a book are continuously paginated, e.g., the pagination is continued from one volume to another:

  • Provide the beginning and ending pages of the volume
  • Give numbers in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the volume
  • Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
  • End page information with a period
    Examples:

    • p. CCV-CCCXXIII.
    • p. ccv-cccxxvii

Box 112No numbers appear on the pages of the volume

Occasionally, a volume will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page numbers:

• Count the total number of pages of the text
• Express the total as leaves, not pages
• End with a period
  Example: 37 leaves.

Box 113Language for describing physical characteristics

If a volume is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:

• Begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a colon and a space

  • 5 microfiche:
  • 3 reels: [of microfilm]
  • 2 microcards:
• Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and mm. for millimeters. Separate types of information by commas.
  Typical words used include:

  • color
  • black & white

  • positive
  • negative

  • 4 x 6 in. (standard microfiche size)
  • 3 x 5 in. (standard microcard size)
  • 35 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
  • 16 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
  Examples of complete physical description statements:

  • 3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
  • 5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
  • 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

Box 114Series editor's name provided

As an option, the name of the overall series editor may be included with the series information.

• Begin with the name of the series editor or editors:

  • Give surname first
  • Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following each surname
  • Separate multiple names with a comma
  • End name information with a comma
  • See the information under Author/Editor for further name rules
• Place the word editor or editors after the name information, followed by a period
• Enter the name of the series, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns
• Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or issue number; for example, vol. 3 and no. 12. Convert words and roman numerals used for volume numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two or II becomes 2.
• Separate the name and the numbers by a semicolon and a space
• Place series information in parentheses
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis
  Example:

  • Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. Models and perspectives in health psychology. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2004. 641 p. (Boll TJ, editor. Handbook of clinical health psychology; vol. 3).

Box 115Non-English names for volume

• Use the word for volume of the particular language. Give the abbreviated form if known, followed by a period.

  • t. 5
  • bd. 3
• See the following list of words and their abbreviations, if any, used for volume in a variety of languages:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Volume	Abbreviation
  French	volume	vol.
  	tome	t.
  	annee
  German	Band	bd.
  	Jahrgang	jahrg.
  Italian	volume	vol.
  	tomo	t.
  	annata
  Russian	tom	t.
  	godovoj komplert	god.
  Spanish	volumen	vol.
  	tomo	t.
  	ano

• Convert words and roman numerals used for volume numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two or II becomes 2
  Examples:

  • Stoopen ME, Kimura K, Ros PR, editors. Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y peritoneo. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. 415 p. (Taveras JM, Cardoso JM, editors. Radiologia e imagen diagnostica y terapeutica; t. 2). Spanish.
  • Kastenbauer E, editor. Nase, Nasennebenhohlen, Gesicht, Mundhohle und Pharynx, Kopfspeicheldrusen. Stuttgart (Germany): George Thieme Verlag; 1992. 823 p. (Naumann HH, Helms J, Herberhold C, Kastenbauer, editors. Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie in Klinik und Praxis; bd. 2). German.

Box 116Numbers labeled other than volume

Most books in multivolume sets are identified by volume numbers, such as vol. 4. Occasionally, however, other names are used, such as section, part, and number. When other names are used:

• Abbreviate them and end the abbreviated words with a period

  • Section = sect.
  • Part = pt.
  • Number = no.
• For languages other than English, use the word provided by the particular language. Give the abbreviated form if known, followed by a period.
• See the following list of words used for section, part, and number in a variety of languages:

  View in own window

  Language	Section	Part	Number
  French	section	partie	cahier
  		part	numero
  German	Sektion	Teil	Heft
  	Abteilung		Nummer
  			Lieferung
  Italian	sezione	parte	numero
  	parte		fascicolo
  Russian	sekcija	cast'	nomer
  	otdel
  	otdelenie
  Spanish	seccion	parte	numero
  	parte		fasciculo

• Convert words used for numbers and roman numerals into arabic numbers, such that the word for two or II becomes 2
  Examples:

  • Hoffman JH, Jamieson JD, editors. Cell physiology. New York: Oxford; 1997. 960 p. (Handbook of physiology; Sect. 14).
  • Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, editors. The proteobacteria. Part C, The alpha-, beta-, delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2005. 1388 p. (Garrity GM, editor. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology; vol. 2, pt. C).

Box 117Volumes appearing in more than one language

• If a volume is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

  • Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page
  • Separate them with an equals sign with a space on either side
  • List the languages after the pagination
  • Capitalize the language names
  • Separate the language names by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Klunker W. Sleep, dreams, sexuality = Sommeil, reves, sexualite = Schlaf, Traume, Sexualitit. 3rd improved ed. Schmidt P, Baur J, translators. Heidelberg (Germany): Karl F. Haug Verlag; 1987. 611 p. (Barthel H, editor. Synthetic repertory: psychic and general symptoms of the homeopathic materia medica = Repertoire synthetique: symptomes psychiques et generaux de la matiere medicale homeopathique = Synthetisches Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia medica; vol. 3). English, French, German.
• If a volume is written in several languages:

  • Give the title in the first language found on the title page
  • List all languages after the pagination
  • Capitalize the language names
  • Separate the language names by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period

    • Toomingas A, Pettersen RB, Lindstrom K, Bach E, editors. Yttre arbetsmiljofaktorer som halsorisker bland halso- och sjukvardspersonal. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens arbetsmiljo i Norden; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian, Danish.
• If none of the titles is English, follow with a translation whenever possible. Place the translation in square brackets.

  • Toomingas A, Pettersen RB, Lindstrom K, Bach E, editors. Yttre arbetsmiljofaktorer som halsorisker bland halso- och sjukvardspersonal [Health risks in the work environment of health care personnel].Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens arbetsmiljo i Norden [The work and health of health care personnel in the Nordic countries]; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian, Danish.

Box 118Volume accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If the volume has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, describe it. Begin with the phrase "Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space. Add the the number and type of medium.

  • Goldstein RE, Haywood VB, editors. Esthetic problems of individual teeth, missing teeth, malocclusion, special populations. 2nd ed. London: BC Dekker, Inc.; 2002. p. 473-884. (Goldstein RE, editor. Esthetics in dentistry; vol. 2). Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.

Box 119Volume with an ISBN

• If the volume has been assigned an International Standard Book Number, provide the number if desired. Begin with "ISBN:".

  • Bays RA, Quinn PD, editors. Temporomandibular disorders. Winn WM, illustrator. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; c2000. 426 p. (Fonseca RJ, editor. Oral and maxillofacial surgery; vol. 4). ISBN: 9780721696355.

Box 120Other types of material to include in notes

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the volume, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:

• If the volume is available from a distributor rather than the publisher, give the name of the distributor, its location, and any accession or finding number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space.

  • Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War psychiatry. Falls Church (VA): Department of the Army (US), Office of the Surgeon General; 1995. 508 p. (Lounsbury DE, editor. Textbooks of military medicine). Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; D 104.35:PT.1/V.4.
• If the volume is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found, including the location and any finding number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.

  • Sudarshan SR, editor. Diseases and their causes. Taredo (India): Popular Prakashan; 2005. 319 p. (Encyclopaedia of Indian medicine; vol. 6). Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; WZ 13 E56 1985.

Box 121Non-English names for parts

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English names in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Tabelle 5.3,
  • Figura 10a,
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Risunok 6,
  • Parartema 4,
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Ichiran-hiyo 3, or [Table 3, ]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Convert words and roman numerals used for part numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two or II becomes 2
• Provide an English translation in square brackets after the original language or romanized title when possible

  • Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas [Appendix, Beginnings of medical specialties]; p. 275-81. Spanish.
• To help identify parts in other languages, see the following examples:

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  Language	Chapter	Table	Figure	Chart	Appendix	Section
  French	Chapitre	Tableau	Figure	Graphique	Appendice	Section
  				Schema
  German	Kapitel	Tabelle	Abbildung	Schaubild	Anhang	Sektion
  			Figur	Diagramm	Appendix	Abteilung
  					Zusatz
  Italian	Capitolo	Tabella	Figura	Diagramma	Appendice	Parte
  				Grafico		Sezione
  Russian	Glava	Tablitsa	Risunok	Grafik	Prilozenie	Sekcija
  				Skhema		Otdel
  						Otdelenie
  Spanish	Capitulo	Tabla	Figura	Grafico	Apendice	Seccion
  				Cuadro		Parte