Search Results (26)

Doppler sodar measurements were made at the tropical Indian station, i.e., Gadanki (13.5° N, 79. 2° E). According to wind climatologies, the wind pattern changes from month to month. In July and August, the predominant wind direction during the monsoon season was the southwest. In September, it was the northwest and south. While the winds in November came from the northeast, they came from the northwest and southwest in October. The winds in December were out of the southeast. The diurnal cycle of winds at 60-m above the ground was visible, with disturbed wind directions in September and October. This may be connected to the Indian subcontinent’s southeastern monsoon recession. To better understand the monsoon circulation on a monthly basis, the present work is innovative in that it uses high-resolution winds measured using the Doppler sodar at the atmospheric boundary layer. The convergence of a sea breeze and the background wind might result in a sudden change in wind direction, and forecasting such a chaotic atmospheric event is crucial in the aviation sector. As a result, the wind shear that is produced may pose a serious threat to airplanes that are landing. In the current study, we present a few cases of sea breeze intrusions. The physics underlying these intrusions may help modelers better understand these chaotic wind structures and use them as inputs in their models. Based on surface-based atmospheric characteristics, there have been two reports of deep sea breeze intrusions that we report in this research. The sea breeze days were marked by substantial (moderate) drops in temperature (dewpoint temperatures) and increased wind speed and relative humidity. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall data showed a rise in precipitation over this location on 23 July (4.8 mm) and 24 July (9.5 mm) when sea breeze intrusions over Gadanki were noticed. Sea breeze intrusions could have brought precipitation (intrusion-laden precipitation) to this area due to conducive meteorological conditions. A simple schematic model is proposed through a diagrammatic illustration that explains how a sea breeze triggers precipitation over adjacent locations to the seacoast. The skew-T log-P diagrams have been drawn using the balloon-borne radiosonde measured atmospheric data over Chennai (a nearby location to Gadanki) to examine the thermodynamic parameters to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms and meteorological conditions during sea breeze intrusion events. It is found that the convective available potential energy (CAPE), which is presented as a thermos diagram, was associated with large values on 23 July and 24 July (898 J/kg and 1250 J/kg), which could have triggered thunderstorms over Chennai. Full article

The objective of this work is to assess the wind resources of the east coast of Maranhão, Brazil. Wind profilers were combined with micrometeorological towers and atmospheric reanalysis to investigate micro- and mesoscale aspects of wind variability. Field campaigns recorded winds in the dry and wet seasons, under the influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The dry season was characterized by strong winds (8 to 12 m s${}^{-1}$) from the northeast. Surface heat fluxes were generally positive (250 to 320 W m${}^{-2}$) at midday and negative (−10 to −20 W m${}^{-2}$) during the night. Convective profiles predominated near the beach, with strongly stable conditions rarely occurring before sunrise. Further inland, convective to strongly convective profiles occurred during the day, and neutral to strongly stable profiles at night. Wind speeds decreased during the rainy season (4 to 8 m s${}^{-1}$), with increasingly easterly and southeasterly components. Cloud cover and precipitation reduced midday heat fluxes (77 W m${}^{-2}$). Profiles were convective during midday and stable to strongly stable at night. Terrain roughness increased with distance from the ocean ranging from smooth surfaces ($z_o$ = 0.95 mm) and rough pastures ($z_o$ = 15.33 mm) to crops and bushes ($z_o$ = 52.68 mm), and trees and small buildings ($z_o$ = 246.46 mm) farther inland. Seasonal variations of the mean flow and sea and land breezes produced distinct diurnal patterns of wind speeds. The strongest (weakest) breeze amplitudes were observed in the dry (rainy) period. Daily changes in heat fluxes and fetch over land controlled the characteristics of wind profiles. During sea breezes, winds approached the coast at right angles, resulting in shorter fetches over land that maintained or enhanced oceanic convective conditions. During land breezes, winds blew from the mainland or with acute angles against the coastline, resulting in large fetches with nighttime surface cooling, generating strongly stable profiles. Coastal observations demonstrated that with increasing monopiles from 100 to 130 m it is possible to obtain similar capacity factors of beachfront turbines. Full article

The share of electricity generation from Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) has increased over the last 20 years. Despite promoting the decarbonization of the energy mix, these sources bring negative characteristics to the energy mix, such as power ramps, load mismatch, unpredictability, and fluctuation. One of the ways to mitigate these characteristics is the hybridization of power plants. This paper evaluates the benefits of hybridizing a plant using an AI-based methodology for optimizing the wind–solar ratio based on the Brazilian regulatory system. For this study, the hybrid plant was modeled using data collected over a period of 10 months. The measurements were obtained using two wind profilers (LIDAR and SODAR) and a sun tracker (Solys 2) as part of the EOSOLAR R&D project conducted in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. After the power plant modeling, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to determine the optimal wind–solar ratio, considering costs with transmission systems. The algorithm achieved a monthly profit increase of more than 39% with an energy curtailment inferior to 1%, which indicates economic complementarity. Later, the same methodology was also applied to verify the wind–solar ratio’s sensitivity to solar energy pricing. The results show that a price increase of 15% would change the power plant’s optimal configuration. Full article

The urban heat island (UHI) intensity in Moscow and the influence of various meteorological parameters are discussed using weather station data. The maximal and average in-space UHI intensities, i.e., a comparison of air temperature T either in the city centre or in the whole urban area together with rural zone have averaged 1.9 and 0.9 °C, respectively, in recent years. The UHI in Moscow has stabilized over the past decade and is not growing. Under conditions of a strong anticyclone, the maximal UHI intensity in space and time reaches 11–12 °C. Low cloudiness and amplitudes of diurnal air temperature, as well as surface temperature, demonstrate the closest relationship with the UHI intensity among other parameters with the correlation coefficient of up to −0.67 for low cloudiness and the maximal UHI intensity. The effect of wind speed, total cloudiness and relative humidity on the UHI is slightly weaker, but still significant. The relationships of all meteorological parameters with the maximal UHI intensity are closer than those with the average one. The multiple correlation coefficient between the maximal UHI intensity and both parameters (low cloudiness and average daily wind speed) is 0.76–0.82. The UHI intensity function of air temperature has a minimum in the range from −4 to 0 °C; its growth both at lower and higher T is due to the influence of anticyclonic weather. The UHI intensity function of wind speed decreases with wind strength. The threshold value at which this function asymptotically approaches its lower limit is 10 m/s in the 40–200 m air layer. The UHI intensity functions of both total and low cloudiness decrease with increasing cloudiness and the differences between them are significant if the cloud cover is more than 50%. Full article

A comparative study and evaluation of boundary layer height (BLH) estimation was conducted during an experimental campaign conducted at the Cape Grim Air Pollution station, Australia, from 1 June to 13 July 2019. The temporal and spatial distributions of BLH were studied using data from a ceilometer, sodar, in situ meteorological measurements, and back-trajectory analyses. Generally, the BLH under continental sources is lower than that under marine sources. The BLH is featured with a shallow depth of 515 ± 340 m under the Melbourne/East Victoria continental source. Especially the mixed continental sources (Melbourne/East Victoria and Tasmania direction) lead to a rise in radon concentration and lower BLH. In comparison, the boundary layer reaches a higher averaged BLH value of 730 ± 305 m when marine air is prevalent. The BLH derived from ERA5 is positively biased compared to the ceilometer observations, except when the boundary layer is stable. The height at which wind profiles experience rapid changes corresponds to the BLH value. The wind flow within the boundary layer increased up to ∼200 m, where it then meandered up to ∼300 m. Furthermore, the statistic shows that BLH is positively associated with near-surface wind speed. This study firstly provides information on boundary layer structure in Cape Grim and the interaction with wind, which may aid in further evaluating their associated impacts on the climate and ecosystem. Full article

This article seeks to compare the performance of a LIDAR Windcube V2, manufactured by Leosphere, with that of a SODAR MFAS, manufactured by Scintec, in evaluating wind speed at different altitudes. The data from these two sensors were collected at three locations on the Brazilian equatorial margin in the state of Maranhão. The comparison of these sensors aims at their simultaneous use at different points. The horizontal velocity components, by altitude, showed Pearson correlation values above 0.9 and values for the vertical velocity component between 0.7 and 0.85. As for the sampling efficiency, the LIDAR had a performance slightly higher than that of SODAR, especially at the point closest to the coast. In general, both sensors showed similar values, despite the differences in sampling methods. The results showed that the joint performance of these sensors had good correlation, being reliable for application in estimating wind potential for power generation in coastal areas of the equatorial region. Full article

The atmospheric boundary layer height ($zi$) is a key parameter in the vertical transport of mass, energy, moisture, and chemical species between the surface and the free atmosphere. There is a lack of long-term and continuous observations of $zi$, however, particularly for remote regions, such as the Amazon forest. Reanalysis products, such as ERA5, can fill this gap by providing temporally and spatially resolved information on $zi$. In this work, we evaluate the ERA5 estimates of $zi$ ($zi$-ERA5) for two locations in the Amazon and corrected them by means of ceilometer, radiosondes, and SODAR measurements ($zi$-experimental). The experimental data were obtained at the remote Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) with its pristine tropical forest cover and the T3 site downwind of the city of Manaus with a mixture of forest ($63\%$), pasture ($17\%$), and rivers ($20\%$). We focus on the rather typical year 2014 and the El Niño year 2015. The comparison of the experimental vs. ERA5 $zi$ data yielded the following results: (i) $zi$-ERA5 underestimates $zi$-experimental daytime at the T3 site for both years 2014 (30%, underestimate) and 2015 (15%, underestimate); (ii) $zi$-ERA5 overestimates $zi$-experimental daytime at ATTO site (12%, overestimate); (iii) during nighttime, no significant correlation between the $zi$-experimental and $zi$-ERA5 was observed. Based on these findings, we propose a correction for the daytime $zi$-ERA5, for both sites and for both years, which yields a better agreement between experimental and ERA5 data. These results and corrections are relevant for studies at ATTO and the T3 site and can likely also be applied at further locations in the Amazon. Full article

Measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure were performed for three years (October 2017–August 2020) at the Russian observatory “Ice Base Cape Baranova” (79.280° N, 101.620° E) using SODAR (Sound Detection And Ranging). These measurements were part of the YOPP (Year of Polar Prediction) project “Boundary layer measurements in the high Arctic” (CATS_BL) within the scope of a joint German–Russian project. In addition to SODAR-derived vertical profiles of wind speed and direction, a suite of complementary measurements at the observatory was available. ABL measurements were used for verification of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM) with a 5 km resolution for 2017–2020. The CCLM was run with nesting in ERA5 data in a forecast mode for the measurement period. SODAR measurements were mostly limited to wind speeds <12 m/s since the signal was often lost for higher winds. The SODAR data showed a topographical channeling effect for the wind field in the lowest 100 m and some low-level jets (LLJs). The verification of the CCLM with near-surface data of the observatory showed good agreement for the wind and a negative bias for the 2 m temperature. The comparison with SODAR data showed a positive bias for the wind speed of about 1 m/s below 100 m, which increased to 1.5 m/s for higher levels. In contrast to the SODAR data, the CCLM data showed the frequent presence of LLJs associated with the topographic channeling in Shokalsky Strait. Although SODAR wind profiles are limited in range and have a lot of gaps, they represent a valuable data set for model verification. However, a full picture of the ABL structure and the climatology of channeling events could be obtained only with the model data. The climatological evaluation showed that the wind field at Cape Baranova was not only influenced by direct topographic channeling under conditions of southerly winds through the Shokalsky Strait but also by channeling through a mountain gap for westerly winds. LLJs were detected in 37% of all profiles and most LLJs were associated with channeling, particularly LLJs with a jet speed ≥ 15 m/s (which were 29% of all LLJs). The analysis of the simulated 10 m wind field showed that the 99%-tile of the wind speed reached 18 m/s and clearly showed a dipole structure of channeled wind at both exits of Shokalsky Strait. The climatology of channeling events showed that this dipole structure was caused by the frequent occurrence of channeling at both exits. Channeling events lasting at least 12 h occurred on about 62 days per year at both exits of Shokalsky Strait. Full article

The EOSOLAR project was designed to investigate the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in an equatorial coastal zone, where the discontinuity of surface conditions induces non-stationarity gradients of wind speeds and the development of internal boundary layers. The proposed methodology considers several aspects of the sea–land transition meteorology that are essential for precisely estimating wind–solar energy potential and assessment of structural loads on wind turbines. Infrared (LIDAR) and acoustic (SODAR) ground-based remote sensing instruments and micrometeorological towers were installed in a near-shore equatorial area of northeast Brazil, in order to provide a comprehensive view of meteorological processes. This paper reports a description of the project study area, methodology, and instrumentation used. Details of instruments configurations, a validation of micrometeorology towers, and a comparison between the LIDAR and SODAR are presented. Results of the first field campaign measuring the coastal flow, integrating the micrometeorological tower and LIDAR observations are described. Full article

The height of the mixing layer is a significant parameter for describing the dynamics of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), especially for air quality control and for the parametrizations in numerical modeling. The problem is that the heights of the mixing layer cannot be measured directly. The values of this parameter are depending both on the applied algorithms for calculation and on the measuring instruments which have been used by the data source. To determine the height of a layer of intense turbulent heat exchange, data were used from acoustic meteorological locator (sodar) and from a passive single-channel scanning microwave radiometer MTP-5 (MWR) to measure the temperature profile in a layer of up to 1 km. Sodar can provide information on the structure of temperature turbulence in the PBL directly. These data have been compared with the mixing layer height calculated with the Parcel method by using the MTP-5 data. For the analysis, July and September 2020 were selected in the city of Tomsk in Siberia as characteristic periods of mid-summer and the transition period to autumn. The measurement results, calculations and inter-comparisons are shown and discussed in this work. During temperature inversions in the boundary layer, it was observed that turbulent heat transfer (increased dispersion of air temperature) is covering the inversion layers and the overlying ones. Moreover, this phenomenon is not only occurring during the morning destruction of inversions, but also in the process of their formation and development. Full article

Mesoscale numerical weather prediction models usually provide information regarding environmental parameters near urban areas at a spatial resolution of the order of thousands or hundreds of meters, at best. If detailed information is required at the building scale, an urban-scale model is necessary. Proper definition of the boundary conditions for the urban-scale simulation is very demanding in terms of its compatibility with environmental conditions and numerical modeling. Here, steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) microscale simulations of the wind and thermal environment are performed over an urban area of Kozani, Greece, using both the k-ε and k-ω SST turbulence models. For the boundary conditions, instead of interpolating vertical profiles from the mesoscale solution, which is obtained with the atmospheric pollution model (TAPM), a novel approach is proposed, relying on previously developed analytic expressions, based on the Monin Obuhkov similarity theory, and one-way coupling with minimal information from mesoscale indices (V_y = 10 m, T_y = 100 m, L_*). The extra computational cost is negligible compared to direct interpolation from mesoscale data, and the methodology provides design phase flexibility, allowing for the representation of discrete urban-scale atmospheric conditions, as defined by the mesoscale indices. The results compared favorably with the common interpolation practice and with the following measurements obtained for the current study: SODAR for vertical profiles of wind speed and a meteorological temperature profiler for temperature. The significance of including the effects of diverse atmospheric conditions is manifested in the microscale simulations, through significant variations (~30%) in the critical building-related design parameters, such as the surface pressure distributions and local wind patterns. Full article

More than seven years of remote sensing data with high spatial and temporal resolution were investigated in this study. The 20-min moving averaged wind profiles form the acoustic sounding with Scintec MFAS sodar were derived every 10 min. The profiles covered from 30 to 600 m height with vertical resolution of 10 m. The wind speed probability and the Weibull distribution parameters were calculated by the maximum likelihood method at each level and then the profiles of the Weibull scale and shape parameters were analyzed. Diurnal wind speed at heights above 200 m has shown a well-expressed increase in the averaged values during the night hours, while during the day lower wind speeds were observed. The reversal height was explored from spatially and temporally homogenized diurnal wind speed data with applied quadratic functions for better interpretation of the results. In addition, analyses by type of air masses (land or sea air mass) were performed. One of the outcomes of the study was assessment of the internal boundary layer height, which was estimated to 50–80 m at the location of the sodar. The obtained information forms the basis for climatological insights on the vertical structure of the coastal boundary layer and is unique long-term data set important not only for Bulgaria but for coastal meteorology in general. Full article

The parametrizations of meteorological variables provided by the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) is of major importance for pollutant dispersion assessment. However, the complex flow pattern that characterizes the urban areas limits the applicability of the MOST. In this work, the performance of different existing parametrizations of the standard deviation of vertical wind velocity were tested in the city of Rome. Results were compared with experimental data acquired by a sonic detection and ranging (SODAR) and a sonic anemometer. Different scaling variables estimated from the anemometer data by considering two coordinate systems—one aligned with the geodetic reference frame and the other following the flow streamlines—were used to evaluate the effects of flow distortion due to the presence of buildings. Results suggest that the MOST parametrizations perform better if the scaling variables obtained using the coordinate system following the flow streamlines are used. This estimation of the scaling variables would make it possible to overcome the difficulties in conducting measurements of turbulent fluxes, either at different altitudes or even in the constant flux layer. Full article

Under high-pressure systems, the nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer in the Pannonian Basin is influenced by gravity flows generated at the mountain ranges and along the valleys, determining the variability of wind and temperature at a local scale and the presence of fog. The mechanisms at the mountain foothills are explored at Zagreb Airport using data from a sodar and high-resolution WRF-ARW numerical simulations, allowing identification of how the downslope flows from the nearby Medvednica mountain range condition the temperature inversion and the visibility at night and early morning. These flows may progress tens of kilometres away from the mountain ranges, merging with valley flows and converging in the central areas of the basin. The ECMWF model outputs allow us to explore the mesoscale structures generated in form of low-level jets, how they interact when they meet, and what is the effect of the synoptic pressure field over eastern Europe, to illustrate the formation of a basin-wide cold air pool and the generation of fog in winter. Full article

In 2014/2015 a one-year field campaign at the Tiksi observatory in the Laptev Sea area was carried out using Sound Detection and Ranging/Radio Acoustic Sounding System (SODAR/RASS) measurements to investigate the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) with a focus on low-level jets (LLJ) during the winter season. In addition to SODAR/RASS-derived vertical profiles of temperature, wind speed and direction, a suite of complementary measurements at the Tiksi observatory was available. Data of a regional atmospheric model were used to put the local data into the synoptic context. Two case studies of LLJ events are presented. The statistics of LLJs for six months show that in about 23% of all profiles LLJs were present with a mean jet speed and height of about 7 m/s and 240 m, respectively. In 3.4% of all profiles LLJs exceeding 10 m/s occurred. The main driving mechanism for LLJs seems to be the baroclinicity, since no inertial oscillations were found. LLJs with heights below 200 m are likely influenced by local topography. Full article