Search Results (1,045)

Figure 1
<p>Uptake of alkali soluble fluoride during treatment with low concentration of F free ions.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Uptake of alkali soluble fluoride during treatment with high concentration of F free ions.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) A reconstruction drawing of the Tudela Castle in the 14th century by Iñaki Dieguez Uribeondo. (<b>b</b>) An image of the New Palace of Olite Castle today by Jorab (licenced under CC BY 3.0.) [<a href="#B4-crystals-14-00813" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-crystals-14-00813" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) The location of Olite and the rest of the places mentioned in the text in northeastern Spain at the beginning of the 15th century. (<b>b</b>) A map of Olite’s castle with its differentiated areas [<a href="#B6-crystals-14-00813" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>A digital reconstruction of the enamelled wall tiles, paving tiles, bricks, and roof tiles found in Olite’s castle. Only two brown enamel thin tiles have been discovered, although they probably also existed in the form of thick tiles, roof tiles, and bricks.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Analysed samples from Olite’s castle: OM-1 to -3, polychrome thin tile; OT-1 to -3, monochrome green enamelled thin tile; OT-4, monochrome green enamelled thin tile; OT-5, monochrome blue enamelled thick tile; OT-6, white enamelled brick; and OT-7, blue enamelled brick.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>X-ray diffraction patterns of the pastes from Olite’s castle. Abbreviations: I–illite; A–anorthite; N–analcime; G–gehlenite; Q–quartz; C–calcite; D–diopside; H–haematite.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>X-ray diffraction patterns of the enamels from Olite’s castle. Abbreviations: Y–gypsum; Q–quartz; Cs–Cassiterite; C–calcite; D–diopside.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Visual schematic representation of quartz, diopside, and cassiterite structures. Modified from Webmineral.com [<a href="#B23-crystals-14-00813" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Optical microscope images of cross-sections of samples OM-1, OM-2, OT-1, OT-4, OT-5, OT-6, and OT-7.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>FE-SEM/EDS images of samples OM-1 (<b>a</b>) and OT-1 (<b>b</b>). Note that in <a href="#crystals-14-00813-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>a, the enamelled surface is rotated 13° counterclockwise and <a href="#crystals-14-00813-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>b is rotated 116° clockwise. Abbreviations: SE—secondary electron image.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Test setup.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Internal view of the oven.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Twisted-pair specimens.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The average PDIV values vs. time for Conventional enamel.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The average PDIV values vs. time for enamel with TiO₂ microparticles.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The average PDIV values vs. time for enamel with SiO₂ nanoparticles.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Transient stage at 200 °C for the three materials.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Expected PDIV values after 1000 h vs. temperature.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Expected PDIV values after 1 year vs. temperature.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Insulation model of basecoat and overcoat. (<b>a</b>) Wires connected; (<b>b</b>) wires disconnected.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Thermal aging vs. insulation capacitance at 230 °C.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Mean percentage change in surface microhardness (%∆SMH) with each product. * Significantly higher than all other groups; the same letters (a, b, c) mean the products are not significantly different from each other.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Mean mineral loss observed with each group. * Significantly greater than other groups; ^a,c Significantly different from each other; ^b no significant difference from each other.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Representative microradiographic images from each group displaying the variation in demineralization across the groups.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Three-dimensional (3D) focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography of a representative volume of dentin. (<b>a</b>) 3D reconstruction of the dentin structure composed of tubules. (<b>b</b>) 3D spatial distribution of dentinal tubules (dark grey). (<b>c</b>) The variation of grey scale values across the center of a representative single dentinal tubule (marked by the dashed region in image (<b>a</b>)) [<a href="#B47-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Orientation of type I collagen molecules in hard-tissues. N- and C-terminal ends of successive type I collagen fragments as specific biological markers of degradation. (Courtesy of Prof Umer Daood).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Structure of the three chains α. (<b>b</b>) Initiation of the formation of the triple helix at the level of the C-terminal propeptide. (<b>c</b>) Representation of the structure of the procollagen triple helix. ER = Endoplasmic reticulum [<a href="#B61-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">61</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Representation of the progressive hydration of the collagen glycine–alanine peptide. Top row presents the perpendicular and the bottom row parallel view to the molecular axis at the same hydration level. (<b>a</b>) A view of the non-hydrated collagen, with the three peptide chains shown in different colors. (<b>b</b>) The first shell of water molecules (blue spheres), directly hydrogen-bonded to carbonyl, hydroxyl, or amide groups on the peptide surface. (<b>c</b>) The second shell of water molecules, hydrogen bond to the water in the first shell, demonstrating the filling of the superhelical groove. (<b>d</b>) The third shell of water molecules [<a href="#B64-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">64</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Scanning electron micrograph of acid-etched dentin showing two dentinal tubules containing remnants of peritubular dentin matrix. INSERT: High magnification of branching collagen fibrils (ca. 75 nm in diameter) separated by interfibrillar spaces that serve as channels for resin infiltrations during bonding [<a href="#B10-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">10</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The formation of bubbles resulting from the chemical reaction between the acid and a mineral structure (positive sign of a chemical reaction). (Courtesy of Prof Louis Hardan).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Difference in appearance of etched and unetched enamel rods. (<b>A</b>) A view of both etched and non-etched enamel. (<b>B</b>) Etched enamel rods. (<b>C</b>) Unetched enamel rods [<a href="#B148-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">148</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Types of etched enamel [<a href="#B79-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">79</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>37% orthophosphoric acid on dentin. (Courtesy of Prof Naji Kharouf).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Higher magnification of dentin etched with phosphoric acid gel 37%. Amounts of small debris (silica) are clearly observed [<a href="#B154-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">154</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>The typical configuration of cross-linking and functional monomers, with adhesive monomers commonly falling under the category of methacrylates [<a href="#B48-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Composition of dental adhesives and examples of cross-linking and functional monomers used in contemporary adhesive systems [<a href="#B45-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">45</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Nano-layering of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate–calcium salt [<a href="#B146-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">146</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>) Dipentaerythritol penta-acrylate phosphate has a more reliable bond than (<b>b</b>) 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate-based adhesives. Reactive double bonds (circles) and acidic moieties (triangles) are marked [<a href="#B204-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">204</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Micrographs of an (<b>a</b>) etch-and-rinse (ER) and (<b>b</b>) a self-etch (SE) adhesive system. Resin tags are clearly detectable in the ER adhesive systems (<b>a</b>), since they infiltrated dentin tubules funneled by the etching agent. SE adhesives often infiltrate no further than the smear layer and smear plugs, revealing a more homogenous morphology that is empty of long resin tags [<a href="#B4-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Classification of bonding systems [<a href="#B9-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Selective enamel etching. (Courtesy of Prof Louis Hardan).</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Illustrative steps of the in vivo analysis of the permeability of adhesives [<a href="#B283-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">283</a>,<a href="#B284-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">284</a>]. A cavity was prepared and bonded (<b>a</b>), and an impression of the cavity floor was obtained (<b>b</b>). After pouring a cast with epoxy resin, specimens analyzed under a scanning electron microscope revealed water droplets emanating from the adhesive surface (<b>c</b>). These droplets are the morphological evidence of water that seeped from the adhesive layer during the setting time of the hydrophobic impression material, forming major droplets as well as minor droplets (pointing finger) over the adhesive [<a href="#B267-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">267</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>Classification of dental adhesive systems according to their protocol of clinical application (etch-and-rinse, self-etch, or “universal”; and one, two, or three steps) [<a href="#B289-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">289</a>].</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Large dish (Private Collection); views of the analysed areas (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>); (<b>a</b>) blue coat of arms and white areas on the central collar; (<b>b</b>) yellow area at the top of the basket and blue overglaze; (<b>c</b>) red flower and green overglaze; (<b>d</b>) red flower and green leaves (overglaze) on the back of the dish.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Plate (Musée du Petit Palais Collection); views of the analysed areas (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>): (<b>a</b>) full view; (<b>b</b>) blue coat of arms and the central collar; (<b>c</b>) note the lack of yellow area at the top of the basket with red, blue and green overglazes.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mustard pot (Private Collection; (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) views of the two sides); analysed areas are the blue coat of arms, the white areas on central collar and the different overglaze with the basket; (<b>c</b>) small tureen, see ref. [<a href="#B34-heritage-07-00231" class="html-bibr">34</a>] (Private Collection).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Tureen (Private Collection); views of the analysed areas (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>): (<b>a</b>) blue underglaze coat of arms and blue, white, red and green overglaze (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>); note the white dots in relief on the central collar and the crown basement and the lack of yellow at the top of the basket.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Knife handles ((<b>a</b>) 28710A; (<b>a’</b>) 28710B) and torch ((<b>b</b>) 12292) (Musée des arts décoratifs Collection). The green laser spot shows analysed area of the blue overglaze. The analysed areas are listed in <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Ewer (<b>a</b>); (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>): views of the analysed areas: blue, red, green, white and yellow areas (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>); Rothschild10, Musée des arts décoratifs Collection.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Tureen decorated with Philibert Orry coat of arms (Priv. Coll.): (<b>a</b>) view, (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) zooming on different overglazes, and (<b>e</b>) view of the object setting during Raman analysis. See <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a> for analysed areas.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Broken plate decorated with Philibert Orry coat of arms (Private. Coll.); (<b>a</b>) surface and (<b>b</b>) section view; arrows indicate the section view (note the different layers; knowledge of typical glaze and overglaze thicknesses is important in evaluating pXRF data); dashed lines are guides for eyes delimiting the different layers. See <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a> for analysed areas.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Two plates with Elias Guillot coat of arms (SN27A and SN27B) with detailed view and a plate with unidentified coat of arms attributed to <span class="html-italic">Samson</span> factory (Musée des arts décoratifs Collection). See <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a> for analysed areas.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Examination of artefact at the laboratory (<b>a</b>) width bench-top Raman spectrometer, (<b>b</b>) mobile XRF and (<b>c</b>) mobile Raman spectrometer.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>pXRF spectra of paste (<b>left</b>) and glaze (<b>right</b>) of porcelains decorated with coat of arms of France (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>).</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Peak intensity Pb-K-Ca and Pb-Rb-Sr ternary diagrams, Rb vs. Pb biplot (full scale and zoom) and Sr vs. Rb biplot of data related to the paste. Lines are guides for eyes.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Blue underglaze pXRF spectra of porcelains decorated with coat of arms of France. Arrow indicates the broadening of the Fe Kβ-Co Kα double peak (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>).</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Blue overglaze pXRF spectra of porcelains decorated with coat of arms of France (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>).</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Co-Mn-As, Bi-Mn-As and Ni-Mn-As diagrams for measurement of blue (over- and under-glazed blue) and white (opaque and transparent) areas. Dashed lines are guides for eyes.</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>pXRF spectra of white (overpainted) areas of porcelains decorated with coat of arms of France.</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Yellow (<b>right</b>) and green (<b>left</b>) overglaze pXRF spectra of porcelains decorated with coat of arms of France: (<b>a</b>–<b>a”</b>), large dish; (<b>b</b>) mustard pot (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>).</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Peak area related ternary diagrams of Sn, Zn and Sb elements (<b>left</b>) and characteristic impurities (Sr, Y and Rb, <b>right</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>pXRF spectra of red overpainted areas of porcelains decorated with coat of arms of France ((<b>a</b>), main face and (<b>b</b>), backside: large dish; (<b>c</b>): mustard pot; (<b>d</b>): plate; (<b>e</b>): tureen lid and bottom) and comparison of Cr (<b>f</b>) and Ti (<b>g</b>) vs. Fe signal (shown with different symbols: circle for Large dish, square for Pot, triangle for PP, and lozenge for Tureen).</p> Full article ">Figure 20
<p>Peak area related ternary diagrams of Au and associated elements (Ag, Sn, As, Mn, Fe) and Ag vs. Au biplot (normalized with Rh signal) for gilded, red, brown and purple areas of the studied porcelains (shown with different symbols: circle for large dish, square for pot, triangle for PP, and lozenge for Tureen) (see <a href="#heritage-07-00231-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>).</p> Full article ">Figure 21
<p>Representative Raman spectra recorded on large dish, large tureen (at the laboratory under 457.5 nm laser excitation and HR800 spectrometer) and on torch (MAD 12292) and ewer (MAD Rotschild10) with 532 nm exciting laser line (on-site analyses).</p> Full article ">Figure 22
<p>Representative Raman spectra recorded on knife handles (MAD 28710A and 28710B) with 532 nm exciting laser line (on-site analyses).</p> Full article ">Figure 23
<p>Representative Raman spectra recorded on Orry’ plate with 457.5 nm exciting laser line and HR800 spectrometer.</p> Full article ">Figure 23 Cont.
<p>Representative Raman spectra recorded on Orry’ plate with 457.5 nm exciting laser line and HR800 spectrometer.</p> Full article ">Figure 24
<p>Representative Raman spectra recorded on various coloured areas of plates of <a href="#heritage-07-00231-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a> with 532 nm exciting laser line (on-site analyses).</p> Full article ">Figure 24 Cont.
<p>Representative Raman spectra recorded on various coloured areas of plates of <a href="#heritage-07-00231-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a> with 532 nm exciting laser line (on-site analyses).</p> Full article ">Figure 25
<p>Representative Raman spectra recorded on various yellow areas of Orry tureen (<b>left</b>, bottom and lid), large dish (<b>right</b>), ewer (R: Rotschild10, <b>left</b>), knife handle (MAD 28710A and 28710B, <b>right</b>) and torch (MAD 12292, <b>right</b>) with 532 nm exciting laser line (on-site analyses).</p> Full article ">Figure 26
<p>Representative Raman spectra of Orry tureen recorded at the laboratory with 457.5 nm exciting laser line.</p> Full article ">Figure 27
<p>Hierarchical similarity diagram constructed for the comparison of pastes (variables: signals of impurities Rb, Sr and Zr), blue decorations (variables: signals of elements Mn, As and Bi normalized by that of Co) and gilding (variables: Au, Ag and Cu). The dotted line indicates the classification level considered relevant.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Templates used in experimental procedure: (<b>a</b>) pre-drilled template and (<b>b</b>) template with non-polymerized pre-loaded composite.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Descriptive statistics: (<b>a</b>) distribution of attachments with morphological defects and (<b>b</b>) those lost in the groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>A colorimetric map of tooth 2.4 of prototype 1, illustrating the deviations from the reference model. Specifically, the map uses a color scale to indicate where the composite resin deviates from the ideal attachment shape.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Deviation distribution in prototypes of experimental and control groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>SEM observations of the resin–enamel interface in three samples from the experimental group. Interface areas were marked at (<b>a</b>) 840×, (<b>b</b>) 590×, and (<b>c</b>) 770×. Surface adhesion between enamel (E) and resin (R) without gaps, cracks, or air bubbles is visible in (<b>d</b>) 1750×, (<b>e</b>) 1700×, and (<b>f</b>) 1900×.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>SEM observations of the resin–enamel interface in three samples from the control group. Interface areas were marked at (<b>a</b>) 720×, (<b>b</b>) 610×, and (<b>c</b>) 620×. Non-integration between enamel (E) and resin (R) with gaps, cracks, and air bubbles is visible in (<b>d</b>) 1850×, (<b>e</b>) 1800×, and (<b>f</b>) 1850×.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Hotei</span>; (<b>b</b>) shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span>. Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the blue enamel analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> bowl (1648–1650); (<b>b</b>) EDS spectrum of the cobalt ore sourced from Marienberg (Erzgebirge region, Saxony) (adapted from [<a href="#B12-coatings-14-01146" class="html-bibr">12</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>XRF spectra of the overglaze-green enamels bearing a Cu-Zn-As chemical composition: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hotei</span> shallow bowl; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> shallow bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
<p>XRF spectra of the overglaze-green enamels bearing a Cu-Zn-As chemical composition: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hotei</span> shallow bowl; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> shallow bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Underside of <span class="html-italic">Hotei</span> shallow bowl; (<b>b</b>) underside of <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> shallow bowl (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>XRF spectra of glazes: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hotei</span> shallow bowl, Rb/Sr ratio 0.8; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> shallow bowl, Rb/Sr ratio 0.91.</p> Full article ">Figure 5 Cont.
<p>XRF spectra of glazes: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hotei</span> shallow bowl, Rb/Sr ratio 0.8; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> shallow bowl, Rb/Sr ratio 0.91.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Shard of a blue-and-white Ko-Kutani bowl bearing the iconic plum design, latter half of the 1640s, excavated at Kaga Kutani kiln site 1 (Collection of Ishikawa Archaeological Foundation); (<b>b</b>) detail of decoration on Nonomura Ninsei’s <span class="html-italic">Mizusashi</span> (Water Jar) (Important Cultural Property of Japan); (<b>c</b>) detail of decoration on Nonomura Ninsei’s <span class="html-italic">Mizusashi</span> (Water Jar) (Important Cultural Property of Japan). Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Nonomura Ninsei’s Incense Burner in the Shape of a Pheasant (<span class="html-italic">Koro</span>) (National Treasure); (<b>b</b>) Nonomura Ninsei’s Incense Container (<span class="html-italic">Kogo</span>). Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Nonomura Ninsei: (<b>a</b>) Incense Burner in the Shape of a Pheasant—XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>b</b>) Incense Container (<span class="html-italic">Kogo</span>)—XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition); (<b>b</b>) Nonomura Ninsei, Incense burner in the Shape of a Pheasant (National Treasure) (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the Cu-Zn-based black pigment (<span class="html-italic">Arie Black</span>) identified on the portrait of Father Matteo Ricci SJ (1610); (<b>b</b>) Emanuel Pereira’s portrait of Father Matteo Ricci SJ (1610) (Collection of Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù all’Argentina, Rome, Italy).</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Nonomura Ninsei: (<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Mizusashi</span> (Water Jar); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn) detected on the Incense Container. Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition) analyzed on Ninsei’s Water Jar (<span class="html-italic">Mizusashi</span>); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition) detected on the early-17th century Italian majolica dish (Saint); (<b>c</b>) chart with Cu/Zn ratios for the green enamels analyzed on Ninsei’s wares, the Saint majolica dish and the <span class="html-italic">Martyrdom of Leonardo Kimura</span> (1619); (<b>d</b>) early-17th century Italian majolica dish (Saint) (private collection).</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel, Cu-Zn chemical composition with a Cu/Zn ratio of 23.9, detected on the <span class="html-italic">Martyrdom of Leonardo Kimura</span>; (<b>b</b>) Western-style Japanese painting depicting the <span class="html-italic">Martyrdom of Leonardo Kimura</span> (1619) (Collection of Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù all’Argentina, Rome, Italy).</p> Full article ">Figure 13 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel, Cu-Zn chemical composition with a Cu/Zn ratio of 23.9, detected on the <span class="html-italic">Martyrdom of Leonardo Kimura</span>; (<b>b</b>) Western-style Japanese painting depicting the <span class="html-italic">Martyrdom of Leonardo Kimura</span> (1619) (Collection of Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù all’Argentina, Rome, Italy).</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Nonomura Ninsei’s <span class="html-italic">Mizusahsi</span> (Water Jar for the tea ceremony): (<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the gold decoration; (<b>b</b>) detail of gold decoration. Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>(<b>a</b>) European-style painting <span class="html-italic">Jesuit Martyrs in Japan,</span> 1630s (Collection of Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù all’Argentina, Rome, Italy); (<b>b</b>) detail of gold decoration on the <span class="html-italic">Jesuit Martyrs in Japan</span>; (<b>c</b>) detail of gold decoration on the <span class="html-italic">Mizusashi</span> (Water Jar) by Ninsei (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art).</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Shallow bowl with <span class="html-italic">Scattered Treasures and Heron</span> design: (<b>a</b>) front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel bearing a Cu-Zn-As chemical composition.</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Shallow bowl with <span class="html-italic">Quail</span> design: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the underglaze-blue pigment.</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Shallow bowl with <span class="html-italic">Paving Stone Pattern</span> design: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the underglaze-blue pigment.</p> Full article ">Figure 18 Cont.
<p>Shallow bowl with <span class="html-italic">Paving Stone Pattern</span> design: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the underglaze-blue pigment.</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel detected on the <span class="html-italic">Paving Stone Pattern</span> bowl (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Quail</span> bowl (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the underglaze-blue pigment analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Paving Stone Pattern</span> bowl (Mn/Co ratio 4.2); (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the underglaze-blue pigment analyzed on the bowl with <span class="html-italic">Quail</span> design (Mn/Co ratio 4.2).</p> Full article ">Figure 20
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Peonies in Overglaze Enamels (Iro-e Botan)</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition).</p> Full article ">Figure 21
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Flowers and Bird Inside Jar</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Flowers and Bird Inside Jar</span> bowl; (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> bowl; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Flowers and Bird Inside Jar</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 22
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Stream and Mandarin Duck</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition).</p> Full article ">Figure 23
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the bowl with the <span class="html-italic">Stream and Mandarin Duck</span> design; (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> bowl (1648–1650); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) detected on the bowl with <span class="html-italic">Flowers and Bird Inside Jar</span> design; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Stream and Mandarin Duck</span> bowl; (<b>e</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Hotei</span> bowl (1648–1650).</p> Full article ">Figure 23 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the bowl with the <span class="html-italic">Stream and Mandarin Duck</span> design; (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> bowl (1648–1650); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) detected on the bowl with <span class="html-italic">Flowers and Bird Inside Jar</span> design; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Stream and Mandarin Duck</span> bowl; (<b>e</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Hotei</span> bowl (1648–1650).</p> Full article ">Figure 24
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Scattered Flowers and Twin Birds</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition).</p> Full article ">Figure 25
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamels (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Scattered Flowers and Twin Birds</span> bowl; (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Flowers and Bird Inside Jar</span> bowl; (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Stream and Mandarin Duck</span> bowl; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> bowl; (<b>e</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Scattered Flowers and Twin Birds</span> bowl; (<b>f</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Quail</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 26
<p>Shallow bowl with <span class="html-italic">Karuta and Cranes</span> design: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Quail</span> bowl; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Scattered Flowers and Twin Birds</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 26 Cont.
<p>Shallow bowl with <span class="html-italic">Karuta and Cranes</span> design: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Quail</span> bowl; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Scattered Flowers and Twin Birds</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 27
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Old Tree and White Cloud</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content—the higher Mn and Fe counts are due to the overlapping overglaze-black decoration); (<b>c</b>) detail of the blue enamel with overlapping black decoration; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>e</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Paving Stone</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 27 Cont.
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Old Tree and White Cloud</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content—the higher Mn and Fe counts are due to the overlapping overglaze-black decoration); (<b>c</b>) detail of the blue enamel with overlapping black decoration; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>e</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Paving Stone</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 28
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Shochikubai</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Old Tree and White Cloud</span> bowl; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Paving Stone Pattern</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 28 Cont.
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Shochikubai</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Old Tree and White Cloud</span> bowl; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Paving Stone Pattern</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 29
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Peony</span> (AODE PEONY): (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition).</p> Full article ">Figure 30
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Aged Pine Tree</span> (AODE PINE TREE): (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn-As chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Peony</span> (AODE PEONY) bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 31
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Pine Tree and Peacock</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the novel overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition).</p> Full article ">Figure 32
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Pine Tree and Peacock</span> bowl; (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Flowers and Bird Inside Jar</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 33
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Chestnuts and Waves</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition).</p> Full article ">Figure 34
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Scattered Cherry Blossoms</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition).</p> Full article ">Figure 35
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Scattered Cherry Blossoms</span>: (<b>a</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Scattered Cherry Blossoms</span> bowl; (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Stream and Mandarin Duck</span> bowl; (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Scattered Cherry Blossoms</span> bowl; (<b>d</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition) detected on Ninsei’s Water Jar (<span class="html-italic">Mizusashi</span>).</p> Full article ">Figure 36
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Grapevine</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Grapevine</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 36 Cont.
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Grapevine</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition) analyzed on the <span class="html-italic">Grapevine</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 37
<p>Shallow bowl with design of <span class="html-italic">Jumokuzu (Big Tree)</span>: (<b>a</b>) Front and underside (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of the green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition) detected on the <span class="html-italic">Chestnuts and Waves</span> bowl.</p> Full article ">Figure 38
<p>Co/Ni ratios detected on the analyzed Ko-Kutani porcelains in each of the three periods.</p> Full article ">Figure 39
<p>Cu/Zn ratios detected on the analyzed Ko-Kutani porcelains in each of the three periods. From left to right: blue color for the Early Period (1648–1650); red color for the Middle Period (1650–1651); black color for the Late Period (1651–1655).</p> Full article ">Figure 40
<p>(<b>a</b>) Majolica dish decorated in <span class="html-italic">Istoriato</span> style, Italy, early 17th century (private collection); (<b>b</b>) dish decorated with overglaze enamels for the domestic market, Arita ware, 1660s (private collection).</p> Full article ">Figure 41
<p>(<b>a</b>) Large dish for the European market (front and underside), decorated in underglaze blue and overglaze red and gold (<span class="html-italic">Kinrande</span> style), Arita, early 18th century (private collection); (<b>b</b>) Ko-Kutani <span class="html-italic">Scattered Flowers and Twin Birds</span> bowl (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>c</b>) Ko-Kutani <span class="html-italic">Karuta and Cranes</span> bowl (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art).</p> Full article ">Figure 41 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Large dish for the European market (front and underside), decorated in underglaze blue and overglaze red and gold (<span class="html-italic">Kinrande</span> style), Arita, early 18th century (private collection); (<b>b</b>) Ko-Kutani <span class="html-italic">Scattered Flowers and Twin Birds</span> bowl (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art); (<b>c</b>) Ko-Kutani <span class="html-italic">Karuta and Cranes</span> bowl (Collection of Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art).</p> Full article ">Figure 42
<p>Ko-Kutani shards: (<b>a</b>) Shard #310 (early-to-mid 1640s); (<b>b</b>) shard #493 (early-to-mid 1640s); (<b>c</b>) shard #22 (early-to-mid 1640s); (<b>d</b>) shard #595 (1652); (<b>e</b>) Kutani kiln, excavation site A (courtesy of Ishikawa Archaeological Foundation). Collection of Ishikawa Archaeological Foundation.</p> Full article ">Figure 43
<p>(ex 40) XRF spectra of the Cu-Zn-based green enamels detected on: (<b>a</b>) Shard #310 (early-to-mid 1640s); (<b>b</b>) shard #493 (early-to-mid 1640s); (<b>c</b>) shard #22 (early-to-mid 1640s); (<b>d</b>) shard #595 (1652).</p> Full article ">Figure 44
<p>(<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Martyrdom of Leonardo Kimura</span> (1619) (Collection of Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù all’Argentina, Rome, Italy); (<b>b</b>) XRF spectrum of the green pigment (Cu-Zn chemical composition) detected on the painting <span class="html-italic">The Martyrdom of Leonardo Kimura</span> (1619); (<b>c</b>) XRF spectrum of shard #310’s overglaze-green enamel (Cu-Zn chemical composition).</p> Full article ">Figure 45
<p>XRF spectrum of the overglaze-blue enamel (Fe-Co-Ni-As chemical composition with high K content) analyzed on shard #595.</p> Full article ">Figure 46
<p>XRF spectra of yellow enamels: (<b>a</b>) Shard #493 (1640s); (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Phoenix</span> bowl (Early Period, 1648–1650); (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">Treasures and Heron</span> bowl (Middle Period, 1650–1651); (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">Jumokuzu</span> bowl (Late Period, 1654–1655).</p> Full article ">Figure 47
<p>XRF intensity counts of Zinc detected on the analyzed yellow enamels in all three periods of Ko-Kutani production.</p> Full article ">Figure 48
<p>XRF spectra of glazes: (<b>a</b>) Shard #310; (<b>b</b>) shard #493; (<b>c</b>) shard #22; (<b>d</b>) shard #595.</p> Full article ">Figure 49
<p>Rb/Sr ratios in all three periods of Ko-Kutani production, including the excavated shards.</p> Full article ">Figure 50
<p>XRF spectra of bodies: (<b>a</b>) Shard #310; (<b>b</b>) shard #493; (<b>c</b>) shard #22; (<b>d</b>) shard #595.</p> Full article ">Figure 51
<p>Bar graph of the Ti and Sr XRF intensity counts detected in the bodies of the excavated shards.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Three-dimensional CAD model of a restored tooth, incorporating three variations of class II mesio-occlusal cavities.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Solid food was modeled on the occlusal surface to simulate the contact between the tooth surface and the food bolus.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Stress distributions for the first principal stress in enamel, dentin, and restorative material are shown for each model, considering both occlusal and transversal loads as well as the shrinkage effect. The analysis includes two cross-sections taken along the bucco-lingual axis of the tooth.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Global contour plots of the first principal stress for each design.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The first principal stresses were charted along the assessment track and compared among the various models. Each model displayed a high stress magnitude at the interfaces between tooth tissues and the restorative material.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Applications of Nanotechnologies and Biomaterials in Dentistry.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Literature search Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram and database search indicators.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Bias assessment [<a href="#B46-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B58-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-jcm-13-05268" class="html-bibr">60</a>].</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Analysis of gene expressions associated with acetylation of H3K27 via fluoride in LS8 cells. LS8 cells were treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) (0 to 5 mM) for 24 h. (<b>A</b>) Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) images show H3K27ac patterns of <span class="html-italic">Bax</span>, <span class="html-italic">Mdm2</span>, and <span class="html-italic">p21</span> from ChIP-Seq. <span class="html-italic">Y</span>-axis denotes ChIP signal amplitude, while <span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis indicates genome positions. The blue dotted box shows the increase in the peak area in the promoter regions induced with 5 mM NaF treatment. (<b>B</b>) The mRNA levels of <span class="html-italic">Bax</span>, <span class="html-italic">p21</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Mdm2</span> were analyzed using real-time PCR (qPCR) (N = 4/group). Data are presented as means ± SD. ** <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.01, NS; no significant differences.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Analysis of gene expressions associated with deacetylation of H3K27 via fluoride in LS8 cells. LS8 cells were treated with NaF (0 to 5 mM) for 24 h. (<b>A</b>) Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) images show H3K27ac patterns of <span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span>, <span class="html-italic">Bad</span>, and <span class="html-italic">p53</span> from ChIP-Seq. <span class="html-italic">Y</span>-axis denotes ChIP signal amplitude, while <span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis indicates genome positions. The blue dotted box shows the reduced peak area in the promoter regions induced via 5 mM NaF treatment. (<b>B</b>) The mRNA levels of <span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span>, <span class="html-italic">Bad</span>, and <span class="html-italic">p53,</span> and (<b>C</b>) the <span class="html-italic">Bax</span>/<span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span> mRNA ratio were analyzed using qPCR (N = 4/group). Data are presented as means ± SD. ** <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.01.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Effects of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitors (Anacardic acid; AA and MG149) on gene expressions associated with histone H3K27 acetylation via fluoride. LS8 cells were treated with 50 μM AA or 50 μM MG149 for 1 h prior to 5 mM NaF treatment for 24 h. mRNA levels were evaluated via qPCR (N = 5/group for AA, N = 4/group for MG149). (<b>A</b>) Addition of AA to NaF significantly decreased mRNA of <span class="html-italic">p21</span> and the <span class="html-italic">Bax</span>/<span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span> mRNA ratio compared to NaF treatment alone, but other genes were not changed with the addition of AA. (<b>B</b>) Addition of MG149 to NaF significantly decreased mRNA of <span class="html-italic">p21</span> and <span class="html-italic">Mdm2</span> and the <span class="html-italic">Bax</span>/<span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span> mRNA ratio compared to NaF treatment alone, but other genes were not changed by MG149 addition. Control (Ctrl) and NaF included vehicles (DMSO 0.1% for AA and 0.04% for MG149). Data are presented as means ± SD. * <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.01, NS; no significant differences.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The effect of fluoride on class I, II, and III histone deacetylases (HDACs) in LS8 cells. LS8 cells were treated with 5 mM NaF for 24 h. The protein levels of phosphorylated HDACs, p-HDAC2 (Ser394) (62 kDa), p-HDAC3 (Ser424) (49 kDa), p-HDAC7 (Ser155) (124 kDa), and p-SIRT1 (Ser47) (82 kDa) were detected via western blot (WB). (<b>A</b>) Fluoride treatment attenuated the protein levels of class I HDACs (p-HDAC2 and p-HDAC3) and class II HDAC, p-HDAC7. (<b>B</b>) Class III HDAC, p-SIRT1, expression was increased with fluoride treatment. α-Tubulin (52 kDa) and β-actin (44 kDa) were used as loading controls. Representative images are shown. Quantification and statistical analyses of relative protein levels are shown in <a href="#app1-ijms-25-09600" class="html-app">Supplementary Figure S1A</a>.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on class I, II, and III HDACs in LS8 cells. LS8 cells were treated with 5 mM NaF for 24 h. The protein levels of phosphorylated HDACs, p-HDAC2 (Ser394) (62 kDa), p-HDAC3 (Ser424) (49 kDa), p-HDAC7 (Ser155) (124 kDa), and p-SIRT1 (Ser47) (82 kDa) were detected via WB. SB attenuated the protein levels of p-HDAC2, p-HDAC7 (<b>A</b>), and p-SIRT1 (<b>B</b>). SB did not change p-HDAC3 (<b>A</b>). α-Tubulin (52 kDa) and β-actin (44 kDa) were used as loading controls. Representative images are shown. Quantification and statistical analyses of relative protein levels are shown in <a href="#app1-ijms-25-09600" class="html-app">Supplementary Figure S1B</a>.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Increase in histone acetylation (H3ac and H3K27ac) via sodium butyrate in LS8 cells. LS8 cells were treated with 1 mM SB with or without 5 mM NaF for 24 h. (<b>A</b>) H3ac (17 kDa) levels were detected via WB. SB increased the protein level of H3ac dose-dependently. β-Actin (44 kDa) was used as a loading control. Representative images are shown. Quantification and statistical analyses of relative protein levels are shown in <a href="#app1-ijms-25-09600" class="html-app">Supplementary Figure S2</a>. (<b>B</b>) SB treatment for 24 h increased the signal of H3ac in nuclei compared to control (Ctrl). Nucleus (DAPI; blue), H3ac (red), and Actin (green) were detected via immunofluorescence. Representative images are shown. Scale bars; 50 μm. (<b>C</b>) H3K27ac (17 kDa) expressions were detected via WB. SB increased the protein levels of H3ac and H3K27ac with or without fluoride. β-Actin (44 kDa) was used as a loading control. Representative images are shown. Quantification and statistical analyses of relative protein levels are shown in <a href="#app1-ijms-25-09600" class="html-app">Supplementary Figure S3</a>.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The effect of sodium butyrate on identified genes’ mRNAs which are associated with histone H3K27 deacetylation via fluoride treatment. LS8 cells were treated with 1 mM SB for 1 h prior to 5 mM NaF treatment for 24 h. qPCR results showed that addition of SB significantly increased mRNA levels of <span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span> and <span class="html-italic">Bad</span> compared to NaF alone, but <span class="html-italic">p53</span> mRNA level was not changed with SB addition. Data are presented as means ± SD. (N = 4/group). ** <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.01, NS; no significant differences.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Sodium butyrate suppresses fluoride-mediated apoptosis in LS8 cells. LS8 cells were treated with 1 mM SB for 1 h prior to 5 mM NaF for 24 h. (<b>A</b>) qPCR results showed that addition of SB significantly decreased the mRNA levels of <span class="html-italic">p21</span> and <span class="html-italic">Mdm2</span> but did not change <span class="html-italic">Bax</span> mRNA. (<b>B</b>) SB addition suppressed the mRNA ratio of <span class="html-italic">Bax</span>/<span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span> compared to NaF treatment alone. Data are presented as means ± SD. (N = 4/group). ** <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.01, NS; no significant differences. (<b>C</b>) Cleaved-caspase-3 (17 kDa) was detected via WB. SB with fluoride significantly decreased the protein level of cleaved-caspase-3 compared to fluoride treatment alone. β-Actin (44 kDa) was used as a loading control. Representative images are shown. Quantification and statistical analyses of relative protein levels are shown in <a href="#app1-ijms-25-09600" class="html-app">Supplementary Figure S5</a>.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Schema of fluoride-mediated gene alterations via H3K27 acetylation in LS8 cells. Fluoride activates HATs and upregulates acetylation of H3K27 near transcription start sites (TSS) of <span class="html-italic">p21</span>, <span class="html-italic">Mdm2</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Bax</span> genes. The mRNA levels of <span class="html-italic">p21</span> and <span class="html-italic">Mdm2</span> are increased, but <span class="html-italic">Bax</span> mRNA levels are not changed. HAT inhibitors AA (CBP/P300 and PCAF inhibitor) or MG149 (Tip60/KAT5 inhibitor) suppress the transcription of <span class="html-italic">p21</span> and <span class="html-italic">Mdm2</span> associated with acetylation of H3K27. Fluoride suppresses active form class I HDAC (p-HDAC2 and p-HDAC3) and class II HDAC (p-HDAC7), which is involved in the increase in histone acetylation. On the other hand, fluoride activates class III HDAC (p-SIRT1) which is involved in deacetylation of H3K27 to suppress mRNA levels of <span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span>, <span class="html-italic">Bad</span>, and <span class="html-italic">p53</span>. HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate (SB) suppresses fluoride-mediated SIRT1 activation to increase the mRNA levels of <span class="html-italic">Bcl2</span> and <span class="html-italic">Bad</span>. Up arrows: increase, Down arrows: decrease, Right arrows: no change.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Nine control discs and nine test discs arranged following the Micerium chromatic scale (1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9) (incremental order).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Study setup with the supporting table placed at a 30-degrees inclination for all subjects involved in the research.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The chart shows the distribution of incremental and assorted number of matches. No significant difference between incremental and assorted number of matches were observed with a significant level of 5%.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Distribution of cases according to trauma etiology.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Distribution of dental trauma cases.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Distribution of periodontal trauma cases.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Distribution of trauma cases according to location.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Schematic diagram of the test area and nanoscratch test. (<b>A</b>) Schematic diagram of the occlusal surface and longitudinal section of enamel. (<b>B</b>) Schematic diagram of the preparation direction of the scratch, with the upper illustration showing the SEM topography of the tip (IR: inter-rod enamel; R: enamel rod).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The orientations of HAp fibers in the inter-rod enamel (IR) and the enamel rod (R) in the outer enamel. (<b>A</b>) Occlusal surface. (<b>B</b>) Longitudinal section. (<b>C</b>) Stereoscopic diagram of the orientations of HAp fibers.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Observation of mechanical behaviors in enamel rod and inter-rod enamel on the occlusal surface under indentation tests. (<b>A</b>) Images of indentations in enamel surface. (<b>B</b>) Force–displacement curves of the indentations located in enamel rods and inter-rods enamel in (<b>A</b>). (<b>C</b>) Comparison of hardness and elastic modulus of the enamel rods and inter-rods enamel (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Observation of mechanical behaviors in enamel rod and inter-rod enamel on the longitudinal section under indentation tests. (<b>A</b>) Images of indentations in enamel surface. (<b>B</b>) Force–displacement curves of the indentations located in enamel rod and inter-rod enamel in (<b>A</b>). (<b>C</b>) Comparison of hardness and elastic modulus of enamel rod and inter-rod enamel (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Friction–displacement curve of tooth enamel corresponding to scratch damage. (<b>A</b>) Occlusal surface. (<b>B</b>) Longitudinal section.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Observation of wear behavior in enamel rod and inter-rod enamel on the occlusal surface by scratch tests under normal load of 0.5 mN. (<b>A</b>) Image of scratch-induced damage in occlusal surface. (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) Details of the scratch in (<b>A</b>). (<b>D</b>) Cross-sectional profile of the scratches in (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Observation of wear behaviors in enamel rod and inter-rod enamel on the longitudinal section by scratching tests under normal load of 0.5 mN. (<b>A</b>) Image of scratch-induced damage in longitudinal section. (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) Details of the scratch in (<b>A</b>). (<b>D</b>) Cross-sectional profile of the scratches in (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The force analysis of the different aligned HAp fibers under indentation tests. (<b>A</b>) Stereoscopic diagram of indentation positions. (<b>B</b>) Indentation direction diagram. (<b>C</b>) HAp fibers deformation diagram.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The force analysis of the different aligned HAp fibers under scratch tests. (<b>A</b>) Stereoscopic diagram of scratch positions. (<b>B</b>) Scratch direction diagram. (<b>C</b>) HAp fibers deformation diagram.</p> Full article ">

Figure 1
<p>Representative average ATR-FTIR raw spectra (1800–800 cm⁻¹) in control (<b>blue</b>) and AI (<b>red</b>) samples.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Principal component analysis score plot for two main PCs. Control samples were represented in blue and AI samples in red.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Main wavenumber with respective SHAP feature importance for the best-performing SVM algorithm to discriminate AI and control samples of saliva.</p> Full article ">