Biomedicines

2024

Jump to: 2023

13 pages, 670 KiB

Open AccessReview

Management of Fibromyalgia: An Update

by Eric A. Jones, Farrah Asaad, Nishil Patel, Esha Jain and Alaa Abd-Elsayed

Biomedicines 2024, 12(6), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061266 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6860

Abstract

Fibromyalgia, a chronic pain condition marked by abnormal pain processing, impacts a significant part of the population, leading to reduced quality of life and function. Hallmark symptoms include widespread persistent pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and mood changes. Through this updated review, [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia, a chronic pain condition marked by abnormal pain processing, impacts a significant part of the population, leading to reduced quality of life and function. Hallmark symptoms include widespread persistent pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and mood changes. Through this updated review, we aim to contribute to the evolving understanding and management of fibromyalgia, offering insights into the diverse tools available to improve the lives of those affected by this challenging condition. Management begins with educating patients to ultimately relieve them of unnecessary testing and provide reassurance. Treatment emphasizes a comprehensive approach, combining nonpharmacological interventions such as aforementioned education, exercise, and psychotherapy, alongside pharmacologic management—namely duloxetine, milnacipran, pregabalin, and amitriptyline—which have consistent benefits for a range of symptoms across the spectrum of fibromyalgia. Notably, drugs like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen are generally not recommended due to limited efficacy and associated risks. Lastly, a variety of other medications have shown promise, including NMDA-receptor antagonists, naltrexone, and cannabinoids; however, they should be used with caution due to a small amount of evidence and potential for adverse effects. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whole-Body Photobiomodulation Therapy Propels the Fibromyalgia Patient into the Recomposition Phase: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis

by Bethany C. Fitzmaurice, Rebecca L. Grenfell, Nicola R. Heneghan, Asius T. A. Rayen and Andrew A. Soundy

Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051116 - 17 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2487

Abstract

Background: Recent evidence has identified great promise for the novel whole-body photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for individuals with fibromyalgia (FM). However, currently no evidence has documented the experiences of participants. The objective of this study was to qualitatively assess treatment experience and response in [...] Read more.

Background: Recent evidence has identified great promise for the novel whole-body photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for individuals with fibromyalgia (FM). However, currently no evidence has documented the experiences of participants. The objective of this study was to qualitatively assess treatment experience and response in a group of participants with FM undergoing a course of whole-body PBMT. Methods: An interpretive hermeneutic phenomenological study situated within the worldview of pragmatism was undertaken. A convenience sample of individuals with FM were included if they had undertaken a novel 6-week trial of PBMT. Individuals undertook semi-structured interviews exploring treatment experience and multidimensional treatment responses during Week 3 and Week 6. Results: Sixteen trial participants (47.3 ± 10.9 years) took part in this study. The analysis produced three overarching themes that were previously identified from a baseline study (namely, ‘Body Structure & Function’, ‘Activities & Participation’, and ‘Environment’) with an additional five sub-themes that highlighted the intervention experience. Subsequently, four important processes were observed and identified: increased motivation; feeling proud; improved confidence; feeling like ‘old self’. This ultimately culminated in the identification of a positive spiral, which we have termed ‘recomposition’. Conclusions: We believe our study is the first in the field of chronic pain management to utilise qualitative methodology to directly assess the acceptability and efficacy of a specific medical intervention in a clinical trial, and the first study to qualitatively assess whole-body PBMT experience. The findings are compelling and warrant further work to support the introduction of this device into the National Health Service (NHS). Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Themes, with 18 sub-themes, derived from the study’s dataset. The ICF model is again depicted, as described in the baseline interviews [<a href="#B29-biomedicines-12-01116" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. Here, the ICF domain ‘Body Structure & Function’ can be likened to the OMERACT FM Working Group hierarchy [<a href="#B38-biomedicines-12-01116" class="html-bibr">38</a>]: the inner circle is akin to OMERACT ‘core domains’; the outermost circle represents the outer ‘skin’ of the OMERACT onion. The ‘Body Structure & Function’ domain can be seen as a ‘diamond’ appearance, reflecting the positivity now seen as compared with the prior ‘web’. Note, two of the ‘core domains’—‘Patient Global’ and ‘Multidimensional Function’ are represented later in the process description. Full article ">Figure 2
Upwards step bridge of the culmination of initial sub-themes giving rise to positive characteristics and behaviours. The diamond (bottom left) represents the initial sub-themes described in <a href="#biomedicines-12-01116-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>, which have leant themselves to overall changes in character traits during the trial—shown as the step bridge towards the recomposition cycle (top right). The traits are presented in order of commonality, with increased motivation being most commonly observed. Full article ">Figure 3
The recomposition phase. In contrast with the decomposition phenomenon witnessed at baseline, a positive cycle is now emerging and features prominently in participants’ everyday lives. In fact, the balance has tipped drastically towards recomposition, according to interview data, with a 6.3%:93.7% decomposition:recomposition ratio in comparison to the 98%:2% seen at baseline. The spirals are different sizes to more easily illustrate this. The ICF domains (represented by the coloured circles) are sized comparably smaller, with the baseline representing less intrusiveness. They can actually be seen almost emerging from the spiral altogether. Furthermore, the horizontally cycling purple arrows have favourably switched, with a much lower propensity for an individual to return to the negative decomposition spiral, especially after a ‘knock-back’. Full article ">

11 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation between Different Psychological Variables in Women with Fibromyalgia with Symptoms of Neurogenic Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Víctor Riquelme-Aguado, Alazne Zabarte-del Campo, Guillermo Baviano-Klett, Josué Fernández-Carnero, Antonio Gil-Crujera and Francisco Gómez-Esquer

Biomedicines 2024, 12(3), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030671 - 17 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1443

Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome hypothesized to arise from a state of neurogenic inflammation. Mechanisms responsible for pain, as well as psychological variables, are typically altered in this condition. The main objective of this research was to explore somatosensory and psychological [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome hypothesized to arise from a state of neurogenic inflammation. Mechanisms responsible for pain, as well as psychological variables, are typically altered in this condition. The main objective of this research was to explore somatosensory and psychological alterations in women with FM. The secondary objective was to carry out a secondary analysis to correlate the different variables studied and delve into the influences between them. The relationship between different psychological variables in fibromyalgia is not clear in the previous scientific literature. Forty-four individuals participated, of which twenty-two were controls and twenty-two were women with fibromyalgia. The main outcome measures were the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, pressure pain threshold, conditioned pain modulation, anxiety and depression symptoms, catastrophizing and kinesiophobia cognitions. The main analysis showed that there is a moderate correlation between the psychological variables of depression and fear of movement and the ability to modulate pain. There is also a moderately inverse correlation between pain catastrophizing cognitions and pain intensity/disability. Multiple moderate and strong correlations were found among the various psychological variables studied. FM patients exhibit somatosensory alterations alongside negative psychological symptoms that influence the experience of pain, and they may perpetuate the state of neurogenic inflammation. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vasodilatory Peripheral Response and Pain Levels following Radiofrequency Stressor Application in Women with Fibromyalgia

by Antonio Casas-Barragán, Alba Muñoz-Revilla, Rosa María Tapia-Haro, Francisco Molina, María Correa-Rodríguez and María Encarnación Aguilar-Ferrándiz

Biomedicines 2024, 12(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010142 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1561

Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome of unknown pathogenesis that presents, among other symptoms, chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain. This study aims to analyze the effects of radiofrequency on core body temperature and the peripheral temperature of the dorsal surfaces and palms of the hands [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome of unknown pathogenesis that presents, among other symptoms, chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain. This study aims to analyze the effects of radiofrequency on core body temperature and the peripheral temperature of the dorsal surfaces and palms of the hands and its association with pain levels in patients with FM. A case-control observational study was conducted with a total of twenty-nine women diagnosed with FM and seventeen healthy women. Capacitive monopolar radiofrequency was applied to the palms of the hands using the Biotronic Advance Develops device. Peripheral hand temperature was analyzed using a thermographic camera, and core body temperature was analyzed with an infrared scanner. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and electrical pain were recorded with an algometer and a Pain Matcher device, respectively. A significant decrease was observed in women with FM in pain electrical threshold (95% CI [0.01–3.56], p = 0.049), electrical pain (95% CI [2.87–10.43], p = 0.002), dominant supraspinatus PPT (95% CI [0.04–0.52], p = 0.023), non-dominant supraspinatus PPT (95% CI [0.03–0.60], p = 0.029), and non-dominant tibial PPT (95% CI [0.05–0.89], p = 0.031). Women with FM have increased hypersensitivity to pain as well as increased peripheral temperature after exposure to a thermal stimulus, such as radiofrequency, which could indicate disorders of their neurovascular response. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Application of pulsed radiofrequency on the palmar centre region of the hand of a woman with fibromyalgia. Full article ">Figure 2
Box plots of pain levels after radiofrequency treatment for the women with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. The box plots show the comparison of baseline and post-radiofrequency data from (a) pain threshold electric, (b) pain electric, (c) occiput pressure pain threshold (PPT), (d) trapezius PPT, (e) epicondyle PPT, (f) second metacarpal PPT, (g) gluteus PPT, (h) knee PPT, and (i) anterior tibial PPT between the women with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. In the box plots, the boundary of the box closest to 0 indicates the 25th percentile, the black line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box farthest from 0 indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles. * Significant group, p < 0.05. Note that black dots indicate the extreme values. Full article ">Figure 3
Box plots of peripheral temperature values at dorsal sites of the hands after radiofrequency treatment for the women with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. The box plots show the comparison of baseline and post-radiofrequency data from (a) dorsal centre maximum temperature, (b) dorsal centre minimum temperature, and (c) dorsal centre mean temperature. In the box plots, the boundary of the box closest to 0 indicates the 25th percentile, the black line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box farthest from 0 indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles. Note that black dots indicate the extreme values. Full article ">Figure 4
Box plots of core body temperature and peripheral temperature values at palm sites of the hands after radiofrequency treatment for the women with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. The box plots show the comparison of baseline and post-radiofrequency data from (a) tympanic temperature, (b) axillary temperature, (c) thumb fingertip maximum temperature, (d) index fingertip maximum temperature, (e) index fingertip minimum temperature, (f) index fingertip mean temperature, (g) thenar eminence maximum temperature, (h) thenar eminence minimum temperature, (i) thenar eminence mean temperature, (j) palm centre maximum temperature, (k) palm centre minimum temperature, and (l) palm centre mean temperature. In the box plots, the boundary of the box closest to 0 indicates the 25th percentile, the black line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box farthest from 0 indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles. * Significant group, p < 0.05. Note that black dots indicate the extreme values. Full article ">Figure 5
Pre- and post-thermography images of the hands following radiofrequency of a woman diagnosed with fibromyalgia (A) Image of the dorsal thermography of the hands (El1 and El7 = thumb finger; El2 and El8 = index finger; El3 and El9 = middle finger; El4 and El10 = ring finger; El5 and El11 = pinkie finger; El6 and El12 = dorsal centre). (B) Image of the palmar thermography of the hands (El1 and El9 = thumb finger; El2 and El10 = index finger; El3 and El11 = middle finger; El4 and El12 = ring finger; El5 and El13 = pinkie finger; El6 and El14 = thenar eminence; El7 and El15 = palmar centre; El8 and El16 = hipothenar eminence). Full article ">

2023

Jump to: 2024

8 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Subcutaneous Tocilizumab May Be Effective in Refractory Fibromyalgia Patients

by Kuo-Tung Tang, Tsai-Ling Liao, Yi-Hsing Chen, Der-Yuan Chen and Kou-Lung Lai

Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1774; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071774 - 21 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2388

Abstract

Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread pain with an enormous symptom burden. Its treatment efficacy is limited. Its pathogenesis involves immune dysregulation, which includes interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Methods: We herein reported a case series of FM patients receiving subcutaneous [...] Read more.

Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread pain with an enormous symptom burden. Its treatment efficacy is limited. Its pathogenesis involves immune dysregulation, which includes interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Methods: We herein reported a case series of FM patients receiving subcutaneous tocilizumab at our institution. FM symptoms were evaluated by the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR), which included pain level, and the fibromyalgianess scale based on the 2016 criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). FM symptoms were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Neutrophils from primary FM patients and matched healthy controls were also isolated for transcriptome analysis. Results: We presented a total of two primary and four secondary FM patients who had received subcutaneous tocilizumab for a minimum of 12 weeks. All patients had severe symptoms despite standard treatments. Patients’ FIQR and fibromyalgianess both dropped at 4 and 12 weeks. Four (67%) of them reached a pain reduction of ≥30% at 4 weeks, and three (50%) reached a pain reduction of ≥30% at 12 weeks. Possible differentially expressed genes were identified in primary FM patients when compared with controls and after tocilizumab treatment. Conclusions: FM patients likely benefited from subcutaneous tocilizumab therapy. A randomized controlled trial is needed to verify its efficacy. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Non-Invasive Electric and Magnetic Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia

by Andrés Molero-Chamizo, Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Tomás Andújar Barroso, José R. Alameda Bailén, Jesús Carlos García Palomeque and Guadalupe Nathzidy Rivera-Urbina

Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030954 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3136

Abstract

Although fibromyalgia is defined by its core muscular nociceptive component, it also includes multiple dysfunctions that involve the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, immune, endocrine, as well as the central and peripheral nervous systems, amongst others. The pathogenic involvement of the nervous system and the numerous [...] Read more.

Although fibromyalgia is defined by its core muscular nociceptive component, it also includes multiple dysfunctions that involve the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, immune, endocrine, as well as the central and peripheral nervous systems, amongst others. The pathogenic involvement of the nervous system and the numerous neurological and neuroinflammatory symptoms of this disease may benefit from neuromodulatory stimulation techniques that have been shown to be effective and safe in diverse nervous system pathologies. In this systematic review, we outline current evidence showing the potential of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as therapeutic strategies in fibromyalgia. In addition, we evaluate the contribution of these tools to the exploration of the neurophysiological characteristics of fibromyalgia. Considering that the pathogenesis of this disease is unknown, these approaches do not aim to causally treat this syndrome, but to significantly reduce a range of key symptoms and thus improve the quality of life of the patients. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Influence of IL-6 and the Activation of the Jak/Stat3 Pathway in Fibromyalgia

by Ylenia Marino, Alessia Arangia, Marika Cordaro, Rosalba Siracusa, Ramona D’Amico, Daniela Impellizzeri, Rosalia Cupi, Alessio Filippo Peritore, Enrico Gugliandolo, Roberta Fusco, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola

Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030792 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2759

Abstract

Background: Fibromyalgia is a medical condition that affects a small percentage of the population, with no known effective treatment. There is evidence to suggest that inflammation is a key factor in the nerve sensitization that characterizes the disorder. Therefore, this paper concentrates on [...] Read more.

Background: Fibromyalgia is a medical condition that affects a small percentage of the population, with no known effective treatment. There is evidence to suggest that inflammation is a key factor in the nerve sensitization that characterizes the disorder. Therefore, this paper concentrates on the role of IL-6 in fibromyalgia and the related pain-like symptoms. Methods: This work aimed to evaluate Sprague–Dawley rats, which were injected for three consecutive days with 1 mg/kg of reserpine; IL-6-R Ab was intraperitoneally injected at 1.5 mg/kg seven days after the first reserpine injection. Behavioral analyses were conducted at the beginning of the experiment and at seven and twenty-one days from the first reserpine injection. At this timepoint, the animals were sacrificed, and tissues were collected for molecular and histological analysis. Results: Our data showed the analgesic effect of IL-6-R-Ab administration on mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Additionally, the reserpine + IL-6-R-Ab group showed a reduced expression of the pain-related mediators cFOS and NFG and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and chemokines (Cxcl5, Cxcl10 and Cx3cl1). From the molecular point of view, the IL-6-R-Ab administration reduced the gp130 phosphorylation and the activation of the Jak/STAT3 pathway. Additionally, the IL-6-R Ab reduced the activation of neuroinflammatory cells. Conclusions: Our study showed that IL-6 plays a crucial role in fibromyalgia by triggering the Jak/STAT3 pathway, leading to an increase in chemokine levels and activating glial cells. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Timeline of the experiment. Full article ">Figure 2
Effects of IL-6-R Ab on behavioral alterations: (A) von Frey hair test, (B) hot-plate test, (C) tail-flick warm-water test, (D) weight change. Full article ">Figure 3
Effects of IL-6-R Ab on pain-related mediators: Western-blot analysis of: (A,A’) cFOS and (B,B’) NGF expressions. Full article ">Figure 4
Effects of IL-6-R Ab on pro-inflammatory mediators: ELISA analysis of: (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β and (C) IL-6 expressions; RT-PCR analysis of: (D) Cxcl5, (E) Cxcl10 and (F) Cx3cl1 expression. Full article ">Figure 5
Effect of IL-6-R Ab on pain-related mediators: Western-blot analysis of: (A,A’) p-gp130, (B,B’) p-Jak and (C,C’) p-STAT3 expressions. Full article ">Figure 6
Effects of IL-6-R Ab on astrocyte activation: Immunohistochemical analysis of GFAP expressions: (A,A’) control, (B,B’) control + IL-6-R Ab, (C,C’) reserpine, (D,D’) reserpine + IL-6-R Ab, graphical quantification of GFAP expressions. Non-reactive glial cells are marked with an arrow, reactive glial cells are marked with an arrowhead, (E) N of GFAP + cells. Full article ">Figure 7
Effects of IL-6-R Ab on microglial activation: Immunohistochemical analysis of Iba-1 expressions: (A,A’) control, (B,B’) control + IL-6-R Ab, (C,C’) reserpine, (D,D’) reserpine + IL-6-R Ab, graphical quantification of Iba-1 expressions. Non-reactive glial cells are marked with an arrow, reactive glial cells are marked with an arrowhead, (E) N of Iba-1 + cells. Full article ">

18 pages, 1680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Vastus Lateralis Muscle Interstitium Proteome Changes after an Acute Nociception in Patients with Fibromyalgia Compared to Healthy Subjects—A Microdialysis Study

by Bijar Ghafouri, Daria Matikhan, Nikolaos Christidis, Malin Ernberg, Eva Kosek, Kaisa Mannerkorpi, Björn Gerdle and Karin Wåhlén

Biomedicines 2023, 11(1), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010206 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2597

Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex disorder and a clinical challenge to diagnose and treat. Microdialysis is a valuable tool that has been used to investigate the interstitial proteins and metabolites of muscle in patients with fibromyalgia. The implantation of the catheter in the [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex disorder and a clinical challenge to diagnose and treat. Microdialysis is a valuable tool that has been used to investigate the interstitial proteins and metabolites of muscle in patients with fibromyalgia. The implantation of the catheter in the muscle causes acute tissue trauma and nociception. The aim of this study was to investigate acute proteome changes in the vastus lateralis muscle in women fibromyalgia patients (FM) and healthy subjects (CON). A further aim was to study if a 15-week resistance exercise program in FM had any influence on how chronic painful muscle responds to acute nociception. Twenty-six women patients with FM and twenty-eight CON were included in this study. A microdialysis catheter (100 kilo Dalton cut off, membrane 30 mm) was inserted in the vastus lateralis muscle, and samples were collected every 20 min. Subjects rated pain before catheter insertion, directly after, and every 20 min of sample collection. Dialysate samples from time points 0–120 were pooled and considered trauma samples due to the catheter insertion. The samples were analyzed with nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). Advanced multivariate data analysis was used to investigate protein profile changes between the groups. Multivariate data analysis showed significant (CV-ANOVA p = 0.036) discrimination between FM and CON based on changes in 26 proteins. After the 15-week exercise intervention, the expression levels of the 15 proteins involved in muscle contraction, response to stimulus, stress, and immune system were increased to the same expression levels as in CON. In conclusion, this study shows that microdialysis, in combination with proteomics, can provide new insights into the interstitial proteome in the muscle of FM. In response to acute nociception, exercise may alter the innate reactivity in FM. Exercise may also modulate peripheral muscle proteins related to muscle contraction, stress, and immune response in patients with FM. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Pain intensity (VAS 0–100) during microdialysis in the vastus lateralis muscle in fibromyalgia patients before and after 15 weeks of resistance exercise intervention. There were significant (*) decrease in VAS at 80, 100, and 120 min after intervention. Full article ">Figure 2
Differences in protein expression between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls at baseline using OPLS-DA. The score plot shows each observation and the separation between the fibromyalgia (FM) and healthy control (CON) groups. Green squares = FM group, turquoise squares = CON group. The loading plot shows significant proteins with a VIPpred > 1.0 (green circles) and non-significant proteins VIPpred < 1.0 (red circles). Green square = FM group, turquoise square = CON group. Significant proteins, including abbreviations, are shown in <a href="#biomedicines-11-00206-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>. Full article ">Figure 3
Pathway analysis of protein expression between fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls at baseline. The STRING version 11.0 was used to create the protein interaction analysis (<a href="https://string-db.org/" target="_blank">https://string-db.org/</a> (accessed on 22 June 2022)). The proteins are coded with their protein accession number. The colored nodes represent biological processes. The non-colored nodes were not included in any of the processes marked on this network. For a complete list of biological processes, see <a href="#app1-biomedicines-11-00206" class="html-app">Supplementary Table S2</a>. ACTA1: Actin, alpha skeletal muscle; APOA1: Apolipoprotein A-I; APOA4: Apolipoprotein A-IV; C3: Complement C3; C4A: Complement C4-A; FGA: Fibrinogen alpha chain; FGB: Fibrinogen beta chain; GSN: Gelsolin; KNG1: Kininogen-1; MYH7: Myosin-7; MYOM1: Myomesin-1; MYOT: Myotilin; MYOZ1: Myozenin-1; NACA: Nascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit alpha, muscle-specific form; NEB: Nebulin; ORM2: Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2; PLG: Plasminogen; RBP4: Retinol-binding protein 4; SMPX: Small muscular protein; SYNPO: Synaptopodin; SYNPO2: Synaptopodin-2; TPM2: Tropomyosin beta chain; TTN: Titin; UBA52: Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40. Full article ">Figure 4
Normalization of proteins post-exercise. Altered relative protein expression levels (mean ± SD) for the 26 significant proteins that were able to discriminate the fibromyalgia (FM) and control (CON) group at baseline. Fifteen proteins were normalized in FM post-exercise. Full article ">

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Neurogenic Neuroinflammation in Fibromyalgia

Share This Topical Collection

Editors

Topical Collection Information

Keywords

Published Papers (8 papers)

2024

Jump to: 2023

2023

Jump to: 2024

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI