The Role of the Vitamin D Receptor in the Epidermal Stem Cell Response to Wounding
<p><b>The four layers of the epidermis.</b> The basal layer of the epidermis (stratum basale) contains the stem cells and transient amplifying cells from which cells in the upper layers are derived. These cells express the keratins K5 and K14 and markers of proliferation such as β-catenin (CTNNB), cyclin D1, and GLI1. As these cells migrate into the spinous layer, they begin the production of different keratins, namely K1 and K10, as well as precursors and enzymes involved in cornified envelope formation, namely involucrin and transglutaminase-K. Further migration into the stratum granulosum is marked by the expression of filaggrin and loricrin, proteins also contributing to the cornified envelope. These cells also express enzymes involved in lipid production, lipids that are packaged into lamellar bodies and subsequently injected into the intercellular spaces between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum to waterproof the permeability barrier. Moreover, lamellar bodies also contain antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin produced in the stratum granulosum, providing protection against invasive organisms. VDR and CYP27B1 expression is highest in the stratum basale. Also shown in this figure is the asymmetric distribution of two major coregulators of VDR action—Med1, which is expressed primarily in the stratum basale and spinosum, facilitates the VDR’s regulation of proliferation and early stages of differentiation; SRC3, found in highest concentration in the stratum granulosum, facilitates the VDR’s regulation of terminal differentiation.</p> "> Figure 2
<p><b>The hair follicle and its stem cell niches.</b> The hair follicle can be divided into the infundibulum merging into the IFE, the junctional zone in the upper portion of the isthmus which separates the infundibulum and isthmus, the bulge region below the isthmus, and the hair germ adjacent to the dermal papilla in the dermis. The sebaceous gland attaches to the hair shaft in the junctional zone/isthmus. These regions contain different stem cell niches. Several markers of the different stem cell niches are shown. The IFE in this cartoon is marked by Lgr6, which is also expressed in other stem cell niches including the sebaceous gland and isthmus. Lrig1 and Plet1 are markers of stem cells in the isthmus and sebaceous gland. Gli1 is a marker for the stem cells in the upper portion of the bulge, with CD34 and Krt15 also marking the bulge stem cells. Lgr5 marks cells of the lower bulge and hair germ. See the text for a more complete description of these stem cell markers.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Anatomy of the Skin
3. Stem Cell Niches in the Epidermis
4. The Response of Stem Cells to Wounding
5. Vitamin D Metabolism in the Skin
6. The Vitamin D Receptor (VDR)
7. VDR Mediation of the Wounding Response
8. Summary and Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bikle, D.D. The Role of the Vitamin D Receptor in the Epidermal Stem Cell Response to Wounding. Receptors 2024, 3, 397-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors3030019
Bikle DD. The Role of the Vitamin D Receptor in the Epidermal Stem Cell Response to Wounding. Receptors. 2024; 3(3):397-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors3030019
Chicago/Turabian StyleBikle, Daniel D. 2024. "The Role of the Vitamin D Receptor in the Epidermal Stem Cell Response to Wounding" Receptors 3, no. 3: 397-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors3030019