Fat Profiles of Milk and Butter Obtained from Different Dairy Systems (High and Low Pasture) and Seasons (Spring and Fall): Focus on Healthy Fatty Acids and Technological Properties of Butter
<p>Butter firmness elaborated from GRZ: pasture-based system (grazing + supplement); C: confined (total mixed ration, TMR). Difference between farms (GRZ and C) in spring and fall are shown with small letter and capital letter, respectively (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05). N: Newton.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Thermograms of anhydrous milk fat from the prepared butter from GRZ: pasture-based system (grazing + supplement); C: confined (total mixed ration, TMR), in spring and fall. Soft grey bars indicate triglyceride groups with the lower melting point (peak 1) or the higher melting point (peak 2) for the four anhydrous milk fat samples.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>A</b>) Percentage of solids in anhydrous milk fat from butter produced under GRZ: pasture-based system (grazing + supplement) and C: confined (total mixed ration, TMR) in spring and fall. (<b>B</b>): Percentage of solids in anhydrous milk fat: magnification in the range between 8 and 13 °C, with an arrow indicating the temperature at which firmness was determined (10 °C).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design, Localization, and Sample Analysis
Butter Production
2.2. Sample Analysis
2.2.1. Fatty Acid Profile in Milk and Butter
2.2.2. Fatty Acid Profile in Pasture and Supplement
2.2.3. Butter Firmness
2.2.4. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
2.2.5. Color
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Milk Fat and Fatty Acid Profile in Commercial Dairy Farms
3.2. Butter Production from Two Farms (GRZ and C)
3.2.1. Fatty Acid Profile in Butter
3.2.2. Techno-Functional Characteristics of Butter from Two Farms (GRZ and C)
- Butter Firmness
- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
- Color
4. Discussion
4.1. Fatty Acid Profile in Milk
4.2. Fatty Acid Profile in Butter
4.3. Physical Properties of Butter
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spring | Fall | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HP | LP | HP | LP | |||||||||
Past | Suppl | Total Diet ** | Past * | Suppl | Total Diet ** | Past | Suppl | Total Diet ** | Past * | Suppl | Total Diet ** | |
1 NDF | 47.3 ± 4.8 | 30.3 ± 7.3 | 43.1 ± 3.5 | 46.3 ± 1.7 | 36.2 ± 1.8 | 37.2 ± 2.6 | 36.7 ± 6.9 | 43.9 ± 7.6 | 40.1 ± 5.7 | 36.9 ± 2.4 | 44.7 ± 5.8 | 44.5 ± 5.9 |
1 ADF | 26.2 ± 2.3 | 14.3 ± 6.1 | 23.4 ± 1.5 | 26.3 ± 1.5 | 19.8 ± 2.5 | 20.6 ± 2.2 | 20.1 ± 5.0 | 24.1 ± 6.5 | 22.0 ± 3.6 | 20.9 ± 1.7 | 26.5 ± 7.2 | 26.5 ± 7.2 |
2 Lipids | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 0.06 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 4.1 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 2.5 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.5 |
Spring | Fall | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acids (g/100 g Fat) | HP | LP | HP | LP | ||||
Past | Suppl | Past | Suppl | Past | Suppl | Past | Suppl | |
10:0 | 0.36 ± 0.20 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.44 | 0.41 ± 0.22 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0 | 0.29 ± 0.18 |
12:0 | 0.74 ± 0.21 | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 1.3 ± 0.55 | 0.61 ± 0.27 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 0.34 ± 0.27 | 0.30 ± 0 | 0.45 ± 0.42 |
14:0 | 2.09 ± 0.79 | 0.50 ± 0.15 | 4.62 ± 1.53 | 1.69 ± 0.70 | 0.95 ± 0.31 | 0.56 ± 0.23 | 0.63 ± 0.05 | 1.29 ± 1.08 |
16:0 | 18.25 ± 2.91 | 15.23 ± 2.19 | 24.82 ± 2.36 | 16.49 ± 1.73 | 12.6 ± 1.5 | 15.3 ± 1.4 | 12.4 ± 0.1 | 14 ± 3.1 |
16:1 n7 cis | 0.37 ± 0.19 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.60 ± 0.27 | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.08 | 0.29 ± 0.21 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.37 |
17:0 | 0.36 ± 0.27 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 0.13 ± 0.12 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0.05 ± 0.10 | 0.03 ± 0.05 |
18:0 | 3.1 ± 0.97 | 2.06 ± 0.46 | 5.24 ± 0.33 | 3.49 ± 0.42 | 2.21 ± 0.32 | 2.49 ± 0.48 | 2.08 ± 0.05 | 4.35 ± 1.60 |
18:1 n9 cis | 7.21 ± 4.19 | 28.81 ± 6.01 | 11.44 ± 1.15 | 22.8 ± 2.76 | 5.00 ± 1.57 | 27.68 ± 5.71 | 3.90 ± 0.60 | 22.66 ± 2.50 |
18:2 n6 cis | 13.41 ± 5.05 | 46.43 ± 4.86 | 10.18 ± 0.38 | 41.37 ± 4.35 | 13.77 ±3.04 | 41.81 ± 5.82 | 14.18 ± 1.35 | 37.90 ± 10.02 |
20:0 | 0.79 ± 0.39 | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.11 | 0.49 ± 0.14 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 0.62 ± 0.14 | 0.40 ± 0 | 0.53 ± 0.21 |
20:1 | 0.04 ± 0.08 | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 0 ± 0 | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 0 ± 0 | 0.19 ± 0.18 |
18:3 n3 cis | 42.42 ± 12.93 | 3.41 ± 1.66 | 31.72 ± 11.61 | 8.36 ± 4.11 | 58.66 ± 7.61 | 6.84 ± 5.47 | 57.60 ± 2.40 | 13.36 ± 9.32 |
22:0 | 0.51 ± 0.12 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.66 ± 0.24 | 0.53 ± 0.13 | 0.55 ± 0.10 | 0.48 ± 0.16 |
24:0 | 0.47 ± 0.12 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.32 ± 0.16 | 0.27 ± 0.12 | 0.40 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.25 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.11 |
SFA | 27.21 ± 5.52 | 19.17 ± 2.64 | 40.22 ± 7.28 | 24.73 ± 3.65 | 18.77 ± 3.60 | 18.36 ± 1.57 | 19.25 ± 2.10 | 18.76 ± 2.01 |
MUFAs cis | 7.63 ± 4.31 | 29.37 ± 5.89 | 12.4 ± 1.37 | 23.25 ± 2.76 | 19.56 ± 8.65 | 22.14 ± 15.97 | 6.68 ± 7.15 | 8.47 ± 6.18 |
PUFAs cis | 55.83 ± 9.16 | 49.84 ± 5.56 | 41.9 ± 11.23 | 49.73 ± 3.95 | 56.80 ± 8.91 | 56.47 ± 16.42 | 66.80 ± 6.80 | 67.38 ± 6.93 |
Total fat (g/100 g DM) | 3.73 ± 1.00 | 4.86 ± 1.63 | 2.62 ± 0.06 | 3.95 ± 0.30 | 5.96 ± 1.17 | 9.03 ± 5.52 | 5.78 ± 2.00 | 4.41 ± 0.68 |
Fatty Acids (g/100 g Fat) | Spring | Fall | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
GRZ | C | GRZ | C | |
16:0 | 18.5 ± 2.5 | 17.0 ± 2.1 | 15.4 ± 1.4 | 12.6 ± 1.6 |
18:0 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.6 |
18:1 n9 cis | 11.3 ± 5.1 | 18.2 ± 1.9 | 14.0 ± 3.3 | 26.2 ± 1.5 |
18:2 n6 cis | 21.7 ± 4.9 | 34.6 ± 2.3 | 25.5 ± 4.4 | 47 ± 5.2 |
18:3 n3 cis | 29.2 ± 7.2 | 15.1 ± 2.8 | 32.2 ± 6.5 | 4.2 ± 5.8 |
Fatty Acid (g/100 g Fat) | Spring | Fall | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | P | SEM | p-Value | T | P | SEM | p-Value | |||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | T | P | T×P | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | T | P | T×P | |||||||
4:0 | HP | 3.03 | 2.92 | 3.54 | 3.43 | 2.51 | 2.76 | 0.09 | ns | 0.022 | ns | HP | 3.16 | 3.20 | 3.31 | 2.94 | 3.49 | 2.87 | 0.13 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 2.86 | 2.58 | 3.18 | 2.61 | 2.55 | 3.37 | LP | 3.30 | 3.81 | 3.13 | 3.26 | 3.28 | 3.04 | |||||||||
6:0 | HP | 1.82 | 1.93 a | 2.12 a | 1.91 a | 1.49 a | 1.63 b | 0.05 | ns | 0.050 | 0.045 | HP | 2.00 | 1.86 | 2.15 | 1.92 | 2.25 | 1.82 | 0.10 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 1.86 | 1.73 a | 2.04 a | 1.64 a | 1.70 a | 2.21 a | LP | 2.13 | 2.48 | 2.04 | 2.13 | 2.09 | 1.90 | |||||||||
8:0 | HP | 1.06 | 1.18 | 1.23 | 1.01 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.05 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 1.23 | 1.07 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 1.40 | 1.09 | 0.08 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 1.13 | 1.10 | 1.19 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.34 | LP | 1.30 | 1.47 | 1.30 | 1.28 | 1.31 | 1.12 | |||||||||
10:0 | HP | 2.37 | 2.77 | 2.78 | 2.15 | 2.04 | 2.12 | 0.16 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 2.78 | 2.75 | 2.93 | 2.73 | 3.10 | 2.39 | 0.29 | ns | 0.015 | ns |
LP | 2.64 | 2.64 | 2.71 | 2.41 | 2.52 | 2.89 | LP | 2.62 | 2.65 | 2.54 | 2.69 | 2.83 | 2.39 | |||||||||
11:0 | HP | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.02 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.03 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.39 | LP | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.27 | |||||||||
12:0 | HP | 2.78 | 3.26 | 3.20 | 2.47 | 2.50 | 2.49 | 0.10 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 3.22 | 2.93 | 3.49 | 3.23 | 3.63 | 2.81 | 0.42 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 3.08 | 3.07 | 3.19 | 2.91 | 2.89 | 3.32 | LP | 2.95 | 2.91 | 2.82 | 3.03 | 3.23 | 2.75 | |||||||||
14:0 | HP | 10.61 | 11.56 | 11.50 | 10.08 | 10.20 | 9.72 | 0.42 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 10.98 | 11.01 | 11.16 | 11.03 | 11.50 | 10.21 | 0.85 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 10.86 | 10.84 | 10.88 | 10.75 | 10.66 | 11.17 | LP | 10.15 | 10.61 | 9.89 | 10.21 | 10.54 | 9.51 | |||||||||
15:0 | HP | 1.37 | 1.42 | 1.36 | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.38 | 0.14 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.26 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.11 | 0.06 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.13 | 1.29 | LP | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 1.02 | |||||||||
16:0 | HP | 29.46 | 29.75 | 29.69 | 29.14 | 30.00 | 28.71 | 1.00 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 30.75 | 31.40 | 30.59 | 30.43 | 31.07 | 30.26 | 1.16 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 29.94 | 29.30 | 29.65 | 30.29 | 29.73 | 30.71 | LP | 28.79 | 30.00 | 28.41 | 28.06 | 29.19 | 28.28 | |||||||||
17:0 | HP | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.06 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 0.71 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.04 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.71 | LP | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.72 | |||||||||
18:0 | HP | 10.08 | 9.27 | 9.73 | 10.72 | 10.24 | 10.42 | 0.45 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 9.15 | 9.12 | 8.52 | 9.59 | 8.56 | 9.95 | 0.85 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 10.10 | 11.03 | 10.49 | 9.92 | 10.12 | 8.92 | LP | 10.93 | 11.19 | 11.44 | 10.57 | 10.37 | 11.09 | |||||||||
Total SFA | HP | 63.88 | 65.36 | 66.46 | 63.55 | 62.45 | 61.59 | 1.08 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 65.55 | 64.94 | 66.02 | 65.59 | 67.51 | 63.71 | 2.13 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 64.91 | 64.71 | 66.01 | 63.87 | 63.49 | 66.46 | LP | 64.34 | 67.19 | 63.84 | 63.46 | 64.95 | 62.24 |
Fatty Acid (g/100 g Fat) | Spring | Fall | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | P | SEM | p-Value | T | P | SEM | p-Value | |||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | T | P | T×P | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | T | P | T×P | |||||||
14:0 iso | HP | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.01 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.01 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.13 | LP | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | |||||||||
15:0 iso | HP | 0.36 a | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.029 | ns | ns | HP | 0.30 a | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.003 | ns | ns |
LP | 0.28 b | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.27 | LP | 0.24 b | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.24 | |||||||||
15:0 anteiso | HP | 0.69 a | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.03 | 0.008 | ns | ns | HP | 0.56 a | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.01 | 0.0004 | ns | ns |
LP | 0.48 b | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.51 | LP | 0.43 b | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.42 | |||||||||
16:0 iso | HP | 0.34 a | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 0.003 | ns | ns | HP | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.02 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 0.30 b | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.31 | LP | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.28 | |||||||||
17:0 iso | HP | 0.43 a | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.005 | ns | ns | HP | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.02 | ns | 0.003 | ns |
LP | 0.34 b | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.33 | LP | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.37 | |||||||||
17:0 anteiso | HP | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.03 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.02 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.47 | LP | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.46 | |||||||||
18:0 iso | HP | 0.054 a | 0.057 | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.057 | 0.001 | 0.025 | 0.040 | ns | HP | 0.063 | 0.059 | 0.053 | 0.060 | 0.067 | 0.077 | 0.01 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 0.048 b | 0.051 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.050 | LP | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.039 | 0.050 | |||||||||
Total BCFAs | HP | 2.57 a | 2.58 | 2.59 | 2.59 | 2.46 | 2.64 | 0.09 | 0.006 | ns | ns | HP | 2.19 a | 2.01 | 2.18 | 2.30 | 2.21 | 2.27 | 0.06 | 0.007 | 0.030 | ns |
LP | 2.02 b | 2.13 | 2.03 | 1.98 | 1.91 | 2.06 | LP | 1.86 b | 1.77 | 1.95 | 1.92 | 1.78 | 1.91 |
Fatty Acid (g/100 g Fat) | Spring | Fall | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | P | SEM | p-Value | T | P | SEM | p-Value | |||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | T | P | T×P | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | T | P | T×P | |||||||
14:1 cis | HP | 0.85 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.05 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 0.88 | 0.11 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 1.05 | LP | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.79 | |||||||||
16:1 cis | HP | 1.29 | 1.34 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.35 | 1.23 | 0.12 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 1.59 a | 1.58 | 1.71 | 1.53 | 1.59 | 1.54 | 0.05 | 0.022 | ns | ns |
LP | 1.36 | 1.39 | 1.31 | 1.41 | 1.23 | 1.44 | LP | 1.31 b | 1.17 | 1.42 | 1.33 | 1.26 | 1.39 | |||||||||
18:1 elaidic | HP | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.04 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 0.22 b | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.015 | ns | ns |
LP | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.25 | LP | 0.38 a | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.46 | |||||||||
18:1 trans-vaccenic | HP | 4.11 a | 4.14 | 3.84 | 4.22 | 4.24 | 4.10 | 0.28 | 0.012 | ns | ns | HP | 3.55 | 3.80 | 3.45 | 3.44 | 3.39 | 3.70 | 0.41 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 2.36 b | 2.28 | 2.35 | 2.58 | 2.38 | 2.20 | LP | 2.40 | 1.91 | 2.41 | 2.58 | 2.34 | 2.73 | |||||||||
18:1 cis | HP | 19.68 | 18.00 | 18.04 | 19.97 | 21.69 | 20.68 | 0.73 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 19.68 | 20.68 | 18.65 | 19.43 | 18.01 | 21.62 | 1.83 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 21.04 | 21.32 | 20.54 | 21.81 | 22.23 | 19.29 | LP | 21.75 | 20.77 | 22.78 | 21.27 | 21.01 | 22.94 | |||||||||
Total MUFAs cis | HP | 21.82 | 20.34 | 20.23 | 22.04 | 23.84 | 22.67 | 0.68 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 22.28 | 23.26 | 21.52 | 21.94 | 20.65 | 24.04 | 0.73 | ns | ns | ns |
LP | 23.32 | 23.61 | 22.73 | 24.14 | 24.30 | 21.79 | LP | 23.90 | 22.70 | 25.11 | 23.45 | 23.13 | 25.12 |
Fatty Acid (g/100 g Fat) | Spring | Fall | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | P | SEM | p-Value | T | P | SEM | p-Value | |||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | T | P | T×P | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | T | P | T×P | |||||||
18:2 trans | HP | 1.12 a | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 0.04 | 0.003 | ns | ns | HP | 1.27 a | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.45 | 0.04 | 0.031 | ns | ns |
LP | 0.89 b | 0.79 | 0.79 | 1.17 | 0.86 | 0.82 | LP | 1.12 b | 1.00 | 1.13 | 1.09 | 1.04 | 1.33 | |||||||||
18:2 n6 cis | HP | 1.72 | 1.44 | 1.54 | 1.91 | 1.80 | 1.91 | 0.32 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 1.48 | 1.33 | 1.51 | 1.55 | 1.33 | 1.69 | 0.08 | <0.0001 | ns | ns |
LP | 2.54 | 2.42 | 2.53 | 2.55 | 2.64 | 2.58 | LP | 2.86 | 2.45 | 2.62 | 2.99 | 3.07 | 3.19 | |||||||||
18:2 CLA | HP | 1.65 a | 1.86 | 1.51 | 1.58 | 1.70 | 1.62 | 0.11 | 0.014 | ns | ns | HP | 1.43 a | 1.53 | 1.53 | 1.47 | 1.37 | 1.29 | 0.15 | 0.033 | ns | ns |
LP | 0.89 b | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.94 | LP | 0.86 b | 0.66 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.90 | |||||||||
18:3 n3 cis | HP | 0.89 a | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.08 | 0.033 | ns | ns | HP | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.03 | ns | 0.03 | ns |
LP | 0.54 b | 0.36 | 0.50 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.63 | LP | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.53 | |||||||||
Total PUFAs cis | HP | 2.61 | 2.27 | 2.43 | 2.88 | 2.67 | 2.82 | 0.24 | ns | ns | ns | HP | 2.02 b | 1.80 | 2.03 | 2.11 | 1.87 | 2.26 | 0.08 | <0.0001 | ns | ns |
LP | 3.09 | 2.78 | 3.03 | 3.17 | 3.24 | 3.21 | LP | 3.37 a | 2.82 | 3.16 | 3.53 | 3.61 | 3.72 |
Fatty Acid (g/100 g Fat) | Spring | Fall | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Butter | MilkB | Butter | MilkB | |||||||||||||
GRZ | C | SEM | p-Value | GRZ | C | SEM | p-Value | GRZ | C | SEM | p-Value | GRZ | C | SEM | p-Value | |
4:0 | 3.84 | 2.61 | 0.58 | ns | 2.36 | 2.97 | 0.44 | ns | 2.75 a | 2.62 b | 0.02 | 0.043 | 2.74 | 2.78 | 0.22 | ns |
6:0 | 2.33 | 1.70 | 0.25 | ns | 1.59 | 1.82 | 0.27 | ns | 1.86 a | 1.59 b | 0.01 | 0.002 | 2.00 | 1.56 | 0.13 | ns |
8:0 | 1.28 | 1.87 | 0.57 | ns | 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.13 | ns | 1.12 a | 0.92 b | 0.01 | 0.003 | 1.30 | 0.91 | 0.12 | ns |
10:0 | 2.8 | 2.78 | 0.25 | ns | 2.52 | 2.33 | 0.11 | ns | 2.71 a | 1.99 b | 0.04 | 0.005 | 3.13 | 1.86 | 0.32 | ns |
11:0 | 0.34 a | 0.32 b | 0.002 | 0.040 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.01 | ns | 0.29 a | 0.23 b | 0.01 | 0.040 | 0.38 | 0.22 | 0.05 | ns |
12:0 | 3.20 a | 3.00 b | 0.01 | 0.006 | 3.13 | 2.65 | 0.25 | ns | 3.27 a | 2.33 b | 0.02 | 0.001 | 3.73 | 2.16 | 0.41 | ns |
14:0 iso | 0.18 a | 0.16 b | 0.002 | 0.046 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.02 | ns | 0.11 a | 0.09 b | 0.002 | 0.020 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.01 | ns |
14:0 | 11.37 | 11.06 | 0.17 | ns | 11.56 | 10.14 | 0.43 | ns | 11.36 a | 8.86 b | 0.05 | 0.001 | 11.83 | 7.92 | 0.73 | ns |
15:0 iso | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.01 | ns | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.03 | ns | 0.25 a | 0.19 b | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.01 | ns |
15:0 anteiso | 0.76 a | 0.67 b | 0.01 | 0.012 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.04 | ns | 0.48 a | 0.39 b | 0.01 | 0.010 | 0.57 a | 0.43 b | 0.01 | 0.004 |
14:1 | 0.93 b | 1.03 a | 0.01 | 0.027 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.14 | ns | 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.03 | ns | 0.95 | 0.66 | 0.06 | ns |
15:0 | 1.55 b | 1.62 a | 0.01 | 0.025 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 0.09 | ns | 1.16 a | 0.99 b | 0.004 | 0.001 | 1.34 | 1.07 | 0.05 | ns |
16:0 iso | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.01 | ns | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.03 | ns | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.003 | ns | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.01 | ns |
16:0 | 29.79 | 31.14 | 0.45 | ns | 33.25 | 30.99 | 1.94 | ns | 34.23 a | 28.29 b | 0.43 | 0.010 | 32.61 a | 25.81 b | 0.58 | 0.014 |
17:0 iso | 0.48 | 0.5 | 0.02 | ns | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.03 | ns | 0.45 a | 0.33 b | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.04 | ns |
17:0 anteiso | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.01 | ns | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.05 | ns | 0.42 a | 0.19 b | 0.01 | 0.006 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.03 | ns |
16:1 | 1.34 b | 1.71 a | 0.03 | 0.016 | 1.49 | 1.57 | 0.17 | ns | 1.47 | 1.35 | 0.02 | ns | 1.50 | 1.36 | 0.10 | ns |
17:0 | 0.94 b | 1.00 a | 0.01 | 0.030 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.04 | ns | 0.75 a | 0.69 b | 0.01 | 0.022 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.05 | ns |
18:0 iso | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.03 | ns | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.003 | ns | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.01 | ns | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.01 | ns |
18:0 | 9.06 | 8.97 | 0.26 | ns | 8.30 | 9.06 | 1.27 | ns | 9.36 b | 11.16 a | 0.10 | 0.006 | 8.65 b | 11.81 a | 0.51 | 0.048 |
18:1 elaidic | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.03 | ns | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.04 | ns | 0.22 b | 0.41 a | 0.03 | 0.035 | 0.17 b | 0.50 a | 0.04 | 0.035 |
18:1 trans-vaccenic | 3.22 a | 1.89 b | 0.15 | 0.024 | 3.65 | 2.33 | 0.11 | 0.015 | 2.89 b | 2.97 a | 0.01 | 0.009 | 3.14 | 2.57 | 0.26 | ns |
18:1 cis | 17.65 b | 19.95 a | 0.35 | 0.043 | 17.33 | 20.80 | 1.85 | ns | 18.10 b | 25.73 a | 0.22 | 0.002 | 17.72 | 27.28 | 1.83 | ns |
18:2 trans | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.08 | ns | 1.10 | 0.88 | 0.16 | ns | 1.01 b | 1.86 a | 0.05 | 0.008 | 1.19 | 1.34 | 0.08 | ns |
18:2 cis | 2.00 a | 1.77 b | 0.02 | 0.010 | 1.90 | 1.53 | 0.15 | ns | 1.70 b | 2.84 a | 0.06 | 0.005 | 1.74 b | 3.23 a | 0.24 | 0.048 |
18:2 CLA | 1.44 a | 0.98 b | 0.07 | 0.042 | 1.57 | 1.21 | 0.12 | ns | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.005 | ns | 1.06 | 0.97 | 0.08 | ns |
18:3 n3 cis | 1.09 | 1.02 | 0.07 | ns | 1.07 a | 0.96 b | 0.02 | 0.050 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.02 | ns | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.02 | ns |
20:0 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.003 | ns | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.03 | ns | 0.15 a | 0.14 b | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.01 | ns |
Total SFAs | 66.67 | 66.25 | 1.40 | ns | 66.65 | 63.95 | 2.01 | ns | 69.02 a | 59.79 b | 0.45 | 0.005 | 68.66 a | 57.09 b | 1.68 | 0.040 |
Total MUFAs cis | 19.92 b | 22.68 a | 0.39 | 0.037 | 19.78 | 23.31 | 1.54 | ns | 20.76 b | 28.17 a | 0.22 | 0.002 | 20.17 | 29.30 | 1.86 | ns |
Total PUFAs cis | 3.1 | 2.78 | 0.08 | ns | 2.97 | 2.50 | 0.15 | ns | 2.27 b | 3.38 a | 0.07 | 0.008 | 2.34 | 3.81 | 0.26 | ns |
Total BCFAs | 2.87 | 2.90 | 0.03 | ns | 2.46 | 2.34 | 0.18 | ns | 2.04 a | 1.51 b | 0.02 | 0.002 | 2.19 | 2.01 | 0.08 | ns |
Total Trans | 4.26 a | 2.98 b | 0.20 | 0.046 | 4.95 | 3.51 | 0.29 | ns | 4.12 b | 5.24 a | 0.08 | 0.009 | 4.26 | 5.20 | 0.21 | ns |
Spreadability index (C16:0/C18:1) | 1.69 | 1.56 | 0.05 | ns | 1.93 | 1.52 | 0.25 | ns | 1.89 b | 1.10 a | 0.04 | 0.005 | 1.85 | 0.95 | 0.13 | 0.037 |
Tpeak (°C) | ΔH (J/g) | Tendset (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | |||
Spring-GRZ | 15.7 ± 0.4 | 34.1 ± 0.9 | 96.9 ± 2.9 | 39.9 ± 0.3 |
Spring-C | 18.2 ± 0.5 | 33.1 ± 0.8 | 97.9 ± 3.0 | 36.4 ± 0.4 |
Fall-GRZ | 17.2 ± 0.8 | 33.7 ± 0.9 | 112.9 ± 3.3 | 37.1 ± 0.3 |
Fall-C | 16.4 ± 0.7 | 35.9 ± 0.9 | 89.4 ± 2.6 | 42.4 ± 0.5 |
Spring | Fall | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GRZ | C | SEM | p-Value | GRZ | C | SEM | p-Value | |
L* | 55.08 | 57.16 | 0.58 | ns | 59.24 | 58.95 | 0.14 | ns |
a* | −5.05 | −5.09 | 0.04 | ns | −4.57 | −4.57 | 0.13 | ns |
b* | 22.88 | 23.26 | 1.00 | ns | 28.39 a | 15.71 b | 0.46 | 0.003 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Grille, L.; Vieitez, I.; Garay, A.; Romero, M.; Jorcín, S.; Krall, E.; Méndez, M.N.; Irigaray, B.; Bejarano, E.; López-Pedemonte, T. Fat Profiles of Milk and Butter Obtained from Different Dairy Systems (High and Low Pasture) and Seasons (Spring and Fall): Focus on Healthy Fatty Acids and Technological Properties of Butter. Dairy 2024, 5, 555-575. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5030042
Grille L, Vieitez I, Garay A, Romero M, Jorcín S, Krall E, Méndez MN, Irigaray B, Bejarano E, López-Pedemonte T. Fat Profiles of Milk and Butter Obtained from Different Dairy Systems (High and Low Pasture) and Seasons (Spring and Fall): Focus on Healthy Fatty Acids and Technological Properties of Butter. Dairy. 2024; 5(3):555-575. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5030042
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrille, Lucía, Ignacio Vieitez, Andrea Garay, Melissa Romero, Santiago Jorcín, Esteban Krall, Maria Noel Méndez, Bruno Irigaray, Edinson Bejarano, and Tomás López-Pedemonte. 2024. "Fat Profiles of Milk and Butter Obtained from Different Dairy Systems (High and Low Pasture) and Seasons (Spring and Fall): Focus on Healthy Fatty Acids and Technological Properties of Butter" Dairy 5, no. 3: 555-575. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5030042