Real-Time Littering Activity Monitoring Based on Image Classification Method
<p>Historical buildings near Sekanak area. (<b>a</b>) Jacobson Building, (<b>b</b>) Kantor ledeng, (<b>c</b>) HokTong, (<b>d</b>) KBTR, (<b>e</b>) Sekanak River, (<b>f</b>) Sekanak market, (<b>g</b>) Dutch building, (<b>h</b>) Limas, (<b>i</b>) Benteng Kuto Besak.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The location of the littering activity monitoring. (<b>a</b>) Sekanak River, (<b>b</b>) A small garden.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The hardware of the littering activity monitoring system: (<b>a</b>) the full hardware system, (<b>b</b>) the solar cell component box, (<b>c</b>) the electronic monitoring components box.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The hardware of the littering activity monitoring system.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The CNN.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The CNN-LSTM.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Image samples obtained from the video conversion.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>LSTM architecture.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Experiments in the real environment using model 7: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) mini garden, (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) Sekanak River. (<b>a</b>) Littering activity, (<b>b</b>) littering activity, (<b>c</b>) littering activity, (<b>d</b>) littering activity, (<b>e</b>) littering activity, (<b>f</b>) littering activity.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The implementation of the system in the mini garden. (<b>a</b>) Normal activity, (<b>b</b>) normal activity, (<b>c</b>) normal activity, (<b>d</b>) normal activity, (<b>e</b>) normal activity, (<b>f</b>) normal activity, (<b>g</b>) littering activity, (<b>h</b>) littering activity, (<b>i</b>) littering activity, (<b>j</b>) littering activity, (<b>k</b>) littering activity, (<b>l</b>) littering activity. Note: “buang sampah” in Bahasa Indonesia, means littering in English.</p> "> Figure 10 Cont.
<p>The implementation of the system in the mini garden. (<b>a</b>) Normal activity, (<b>b</b>) normal activity, (<b>c</b>) normal activity, (<b>d</b>) normal activity, (<b>e</b>) normal activity, (<b>f</b>) normal activity, (<b>g</b>) littering activity, (<b>h</b>) littering activity, (<b>i</b>) littering activity, (<b>j</b>) littering activity, (<b>k</b>) littering activity, (<b>l</b>) littering activity. Note: “buang sampah” in Bahasa Indonesia, means littering in English.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The implementation of the system in the Sekanak River. (<b>a</b>) Normal activity, (<b>b</b>) normal activity, (<b>c</b>) normal activity, (<b>d</b>) normal activity, (<b>e</b>) normal activity, (<b>f</b>) normal activity, (<b>g</b>) littering activity, (<b>h</b>) littering activity, (<b>i</b>) littering activity, (<b>j</b>) littering activity, (<b>k</b>) littering activity, (<b>l</b>) littering activity. Note: “buang sampah” in Bahasa Indonesia, means littering in English.</p> "> Figure 11 Cont.
<p>The implementation of the system in the Sekanak River. (<b>a</b>) Normal activity, (<b>b</b>) normal activity, (<b>c</b>) normal activity, (<b>d</b>) normal activity, (<b>e</b>) normal activity, (<b>f</b>) normal activity, (<b>g</b>) littering activity, (<b>h</b>) littering activity, (<b>i</b>) littering activity, (<b>j</b>) littering activity, (<b>k</b>) littering activity, (<b>l</b>) littering activity. Note: “buang sampah” in Bahasa Indonesia, means littering in English.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>The accuracy and loss of the CNN-LSTM. (<b>a</b>) Accuracy, (<b>b</b>) Loss.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>The implementation of the system in the mini garden. (<b>a</b>) Normal activity, (<b>b</b>) normal activity, (<b>c</b>) normal activity, (<b>d</b>) normal activity, (<b>e</b>) normal activity, (<b>f</b>) normal activity, (<b>g</b>) normal activity, (<b>h</b>) normal activity, (<b>i</b>) normal activity, (<b>j</b>) littering activity, (<b>k</b>) littering activity, (<b>l</b>) littering activity, (<b>m</b>) littering activity, (<b>n</b>) littering activity, (<b>o</b>) littering activity, (<b>p</b>) littering activity, (<b>q</b>) littering activity, (<b>r</b>) littering activity. Note: “buang sampah” in Bahasa Indonesia, means littering in English.</p> "> Figure 13 Cont.
<p>The implementation of the system in the mini garden. (<b>a</b>) Normal activity, (<b>b</b>) normal activity, (<b>c</b>) normal activity, (<b>d</b>) normal activity, (<b>e</b>) normal activity, (<b>f</b>) normal activity, (<b>g</b>) normal activity, (<b>h</b>) normal activity, (<b>i</b>) normal activity, (<b>j</b>) littering activity, (<b>k</b>) littering activity, (<b>l</b>) littering activity, (<b>m</b>) littering activity, (<b>n</b>) littering activity, (<b>o</b>) littering activity, (<b>p</b>) littering activity, (<b>q</b>) littering activity, (<b>r</b>) littering activity. Note: “buang sampah” in Bahasa Indonesia, means littering in English.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>The implementation of the system in the Sekanak River. (<b>a</b>) Normal activity, (<b>b</b>) normal activity, (<b>c</b>) normal activity, (<b>d</b>) normal activity, (<b>e</b>) normal activity, (<b>f</b>) normal activity, (<b>g</b>) normal activity, (<b>h</b>) normal activity, (<b>i</b>) normal activity, (<b>j</b>) littering activity, (<b>k</b>) littering activity, (<b>l</b>) littering activity, (<b>m</b>) littering activity, (<b>n</b>) littering activity, (<b>o</b>) littering activity, (<b>p</b>) littering activity, (<b>q</b>) littering activity, (<b>r</b>) littering activity. Note: “buang sampah” in Bahasa Indonesia, means littering in English.</p> "> Figure 14 Cont.
<p>The implementation of the system in the Sekanak River. (<b>a</b>) Normal activity, (<b>b</b>) normal activity, (<b>c</b>) normal activity, (<b>d</b>) normal activity, (<b>e</b>) normal activity, (<b>f</b>) normal activity, (<b>g</b>) normal activity, (<b>h</b>) normal activity, (<b>i</b>) normal activity, (<b>j</b>) littering activity, (<b>k</b>) littering activity, (<b>l</b>) littering activity, (<b>m</b>) littering activity, (<b>n</b>) littering activity, (<b>o</b>) littering activity, (<b>p</b>) littering activity, (<b>q</b>) littering activity, (<b>r</b>) littering activity. Note: “buang sampah” in Bahasa Indonesia, means littering in English.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Hardware
3.2. Software
- Dataset preparations were obtained by collecting videos of littering activity and non-littering activity. There were 400 videos that consisted of 200 videos for littering and 200 videos for non-littering activities. The non-littering activities in this research were categorized as normal activities.
- Transferring the videos into images.
- Dividing the datasets.
- Preparing the ResNet model.
- Setting up the fully connected layer.
- Setting up the LSTM.
- Setting up the loader for the data training and data testing.
- Setting up the optimizer.
- Determining the criterion.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. CNN Experiment
4.2. CNN-LSTM Experiment
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Implementation | Auxiliary Components | Method | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Football activities | EFTS and IMU | DCNN | [13] |
2. | Fall detection | CSI | CNN | [14] |
Wearable sensor | k-NN, SVM, DT, EC | [15] | ||
3. | Recognizing concurrent activities | Multiple Sensors | CNN-LSTM | [16] |
4. | Human Activity | Radar | Parametric CNN | [17] |
Sensor-based | Deep Learning | [19] | ||
Vision-based | Machine Learning | [20] | ||
5. | Driving recognition | Camera | CNN | [18] |
Layer Name | Output Size | 101 Layer |
---|---|---|
Conv1 | 112 × 112 | 7 × 7, 64, stride 2 |
Conv2_x | 56 × 56 | 3 × 3, max pool, stride 2 |
× 3 | ||
Conv3_x | 28 × 28 | 4 |
Conv4_x | 14 × 14 | 23 |
Conv5_x | 7 × 7 | 3 |
1 × 1 | Average pool, 1000 d-fc, softmac | |
FLOPs |
Model | Activation | Epoch | Accuracy (%) | Loss (%) | Duration (Days) | Output |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ReLU | 200 | - | - | 14 | Error |
2 | Sigmoid | 100 | - | - | 14 | Error |
3 | ReLU | 100 | 49 | 410.19 | 14 | Failed |
4 | ReLU | 500 | 100 | 55 | 3 | Error |
5 | ReLU | 500 | - | - | 3 | Stopped |
6 | Sigmoid | 500 | 100 | 49 | 3 | Failed |
7 | ReLU | 500 | 56 | 77.1 | 3 | Failed |
8 | Sigmoid | 500 | 56 | 70 | 3 | Success |
Parameters | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 |
---|---|---|---|
Name: | cnn_model6 | cnn_model7 | cnn_model8 |
Epoch: | 500 | 500 | 500 |
Activation function: | Sigmoid | ReLU | Sigmoid |
Input Shape: | 3030 × 300 | 3030 × 300 | 3030 × 300 |
Pooling Size: | 2 × 2 | 2 × 2 | 2 × 2 |
Accuracy: | 100% | 56% | 56% |
Loss: | 49% | 77.1% | 70% |
Time: | 23s85ms/step | 54s84ms/step | 53s84ms/step |
Predicted Values | Actually Positive (1) | Actually Negative (0) |
---|---|---|
Predicted Positive (1) | TP = 1813 | FP = 0 |
Predictive Negative (0) | FN = 1384 | TN = 0 |
No. | Reference | Activity | System Detection | Notification | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Figure 10a | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
2. | Figure 10b | Normal | Littering | Sound | Failure |
3. | Figure 10c | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
4. | Figure 10d | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
5. | Figure 10e | Normal | Littering | Sound | Failure |
6. | Figure 10f | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
7. | Figure 10g | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
8. | Figure 10h | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
9. | Figure 10i | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
10. | Figure 10j | Littering | Normal | Silent | Failure |
11. | Figure 10k | Littering | Normal | Silent | Failure |
12. | Figure 10l | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
No. | Reference | Activity | System Detection | Notification | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Figure 11a | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
2. | Figure 11b | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
3. | Figure 11c | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
4. | Figure 11d | Normal | Littering | Sound | Failure |
5. | Figure 11e | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
6. | Figure 11f | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
7. | Figure 11g | Littering | Normal | Silent | Failure |
8. | Figure 11h | Littering | Normal | Silent | Failure |
9. | Figure 11i | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
10. | Figure 11j | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
11. | Figure 11k | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
12. | Figure 11l | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
Parameters | Model 9 | Model 10 |
---|---|---|
Name: | CNN_LSTM 9 | CNN_LSTM 10 |
Epoch: | 1 | 100 |
Activation function: | ReLU | ReLU |
Layer: | 4 | 4 |
Input Size: | 300 | 300 |
Hidden Size: | 256 | 256 |
Stride: | 1 (2 × 3) | 1 (2 × 3) |
Pooling Layer (Average Pooling and Max Pooling): | 2 × 3 | 2 × 3 |
Model | Activation | Epoch | Accuracy (%) | Loss (%) | Duration | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 | ReLU | 1 | 48.3 | 69.48 | 30 min | Success |
10 | ReLU | 100 | 97 | 10.61 | 24 h | Success |
No. | Reference | Activity | System Detection | Notification | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Figure 13a | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
2. | Figure 13b | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
3. | Figure 13c | Normal | Littering | Sound | Failure |
4. | Figure 13d | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
5. | Figure 13e | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
6. | Figure 13f | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
7. | Figure 13g | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
8. | Figure 13h | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
9. | Figure 13i | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
10. | Figure 13j | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
11. | Figure 13k | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
12. | Figure 13l | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
13. | Figure 13m | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
14. | Figure 13n | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
15. | Figure 13o | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
16. | Figure 13p | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
17. | Figure 13q | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
18. | Figure 13r | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
No. | Reference | Activity | System Detection | Notification | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Figure 14a | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
2. | Figure 14b | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
3. | Figure 14c | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
4. | Figure 14d | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
5. | Figure 14e | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
6. | Figure 14f | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
7. | Figure 14g | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
8. | Figure 14h | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
9. | Figure 14i | Normal | Normal | Silent | Success |
10. | Figure 14j | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
11. | Figure 14k | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
12. | Figure 14l | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
13. | Figure 14m | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
14. | Figure 14n | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
15. | Figure 14o | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
16. | Figure 14p | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
17. | Figure 14q | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
18. | Figure 14r | Littering | Littering | Sound | Success |
Predicted Values | Actually Positive (1) | Actually Negative (0) |
---|---|---|
Predicted positive (1) | TP = 1338 | FP = 35 |
Predictive negative (0) | FN = 45 | TN = 1595 |
No. | Temperature (o C) | Humidity (%) | Water Level (cm) | Air Quality (ADC) | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 32.00 | 69.00 | 19 | 998 | River |
2. | 35.00 | 67.00 | 20 | 1002 | River |
3. | 33.20 | 67.00 | 19 | 1003 | River |
4. | 33.00 | 66.00 | 19 | 999 | River |
5. | 33.00 | 67.00 | 19 | 998 | River |
6. | 36.08 | 67.40 | - | 789 | Garden |
7. | 37.08 | 66.50 | - | 1003 | Garden |
8. | 32.30 | 66.00 | - | 1002 | Garden |
9. | 33.06 | 67.00 | - | 1002 | Garden |
10. | 34.08 | 67.00 | - | 998 | Garden |
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Husni, N.L.; Sari, P.A.R.; Handayani, A.S.; Dewi, T.; Seno, S.A.H.; Caesarendra, W.; Glowacz, A.; Oprzędkiewicz, K.; Sułowicz, M. Real-Time Littering Activity Monitoring Based on Image Classification Method. Smart Cities 2021, 4, 1496-1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4040079
Husni NL, Sari PAR, Handayani AS, Dewi T, Seno SAH, Caesarendra W, Glowacz A, Oprzędkiewicz K, Sułowicz M. Real-Time Littering Activity Monitoring Based on Image Classification Method. Smart Cities. 2021; 4(4):1496-1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4040079
Chicago/Turabian StyleHusni, Nyayu Latifah, Putri Adelia Rahmah Sari, Ade Silvia Handayani, Tresna Dewi, Seyed Amin Hosseini Seno, Wahyu Caesarendra, Adam Glowacz, Krzysztof Oprzędkiewicz, and Maciej Sułowicz. 2021. "Real-Time Littering Activity Monitoring Based on Image Classification Method" Smart Cities 4, no. 4: 1496-1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4040079