Human Fire Use and Management: A Global Database of Anthropogenic Fire Impacts for Modelling
<p>Spatial distribution of (<b>a</b>) case study data sources, (<b>b</b>) anthropogenic fire regimes and (<b>c</b>) fire use. Map grid has a resolution of 2 decimal degrees with the most prevalent source/regime shown for each grid cell.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Fire use by Anthropogenic Fire Regime The fire uses are the seven main modes of fire use identified in DAFI (see <a href="#fire-05-00087-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). Proportions are based on the number of studies in each fire regime.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Distributions of (<b>a</b>) fire size and (<b>b</b>) burned area in DAFI. Data are grouped by Anthropogenic Fire Regime (box plots) and combined in kernel density estimates. Fires are also grouped by fire use; cropland fires are ‘field preparation’ and ‘crop residue burning’ uses, with broadcast fires composed of all other uses. Cropland fires are smaller (mode < 1 ha) yet can contribute to larger burned areas than broadcast fires.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Fire Suppression by Anthropogenic Fire Regime. Counts are of case studies including a given fire suppression action. Effort levels are described in <a href="#sec2dot2dot2-fire-05-00087" class="html-sec">Section 2.2.2</a>.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Fire Policy by Anthropogenic Fire Regime. Counts are of case studies including a given fire policy type. Policy rationales are described in <a href="#sec2dot2dot3-fire-05-00087" class="html-sec">Section 2.2.3</a>.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Spatial distribution of DAFI ‘fire season start’ data for cropland fire practices. Start months are grouped by year quarter.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conceptual Framework for Meta-Study
2.2. Human Fire Variables
- Fire use, including the purpose of use and fire sizes;
- Fire suppression, including the types of actions taken;
- Fire policies, including those adopted by government and non-governmental institutional actors.
2.2.1. Fire Use
2.2.2. Fire Suppression
- Control actions taken immediately prior to lighting a deliberate fire to control its behaviour;
- Prevention actions to modify the fire regime, particularly to prevent catastrophic wildfires;
- Extinguishing actions to put out active wildfires.
2.2.3. Fire Policy
- Environmental, including efforts to protect biodiversity, ensure water quality and prevent soil erosion;
- Economic, often with the aim of eradicating fire use to encourage agricultural intensification, as well as incentives to clear primary forest for economic development;
- Health, principally to improve air quality but also to protect people from death directly due to wildfire.
2.3. Database Summary and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Geographic Distribution
3.2. Fire Use
3.2.1. Fire Purpose
3.2.2. Physical Characteristics
3.3. Fire Suppression
3.4. Fire Policy
4. Discussion
4.1. Improving the Quality of Anthropogenic Fire Data
4.2. Modelling and Observing Anthropogenic Fire Regimes
4.3. Categorising Anthropogenic Fire Uses and Regimes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
AFR | Land Use | ||
---|---|---|---|
Forestry | Livestock | Cropland | |
Pre-Industrial | Traditional fire knowledge; traditional fire use; traditional ecological knowledge AND fire; Indigenous fire use; Aboriginal burning; Aboriginal fire use; hunting AND fire; patch mosaic burning | Migratory pastoralism AND fire; pastoralist AND fire; transhumant herder AND fire; nomadic herder AND fire | Shifting cultivation AND fire; swidden; “slash and burn” AND fire; Citamene AND fire; “slash and mulch” |
Transition | Charcoal making; charcoal production; fire use timber harvesting; logging fires; fire illegal forestry; fire tropical timber extraction Fire-free agroforestry; agroforestry fire use | Rangeland burning; rangeland AND prescribed fire; pasture burning; pasture renewal fire; pasture fire; escaped pasture fire; rangeland management fire; pasture AND deforestation | Straw use AND fire; straw management AND fire; crop residue disposal AND fire; agricultural fires, field burning, agricultural burning, stubble burning; crop residue burning; haze AND agricultural fire; air quality AND agricultural fire; air pollution AND agricultural fire; veld fire; sugar cane burning; pre-harvest sugar cane burning; rice straw burning |
Industrial | Forest management AND fire; salvage logging fire; prescribed burning AND forestry; fuel load management; fuel load management AND fire; forest fuel load management; stand thinning AND forestry | Woody encroachment AND fire; rangeland AND fire reintroduction; livestock AND fire management; patch-burning AND livestock | Deforestation AND fire; deforestation AND wildfire; land clearance AND fire; agricultural land clearance AND fire; fire use deforestation |
Post-Industrial | Wildland urban interface; wildland urban interface AND fire; wildland urban interface AND fire management; fire paradox; wildland urban interface AND fire paradox; wildland urban interface AND fire suppression; tourist AND accidental AND fire; Pyrodiversity; prescribed burn; pyrodiversity AND management; conservation AND fire; conservation AND prescribed fire; diversity conservation AND prescribed fire | Grazing AND fire management; prescribed grazing; prescribed grazing AND fire management | Land abandonment AND fire; agricultural abandonment AND fire; land abandonment AND fuel load |
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AFR | Land Use | ||
---|---|---|---|
Forestry | Livestock | Crops | |
Pre-Industrial | Hunting–Gathering [49] | Pastoralism [50] | Swidden [51] |
Transition | Logging [9] | Extensive Ranching [52] | Small-holdings [53] |
Industrial | Managed Forests [54] | Intensive Ranching [55] | Intensive Farming [56] |
Post-Industrial | Pyro-diverse Mgmnt [57] | Subsidised Grazing [58] | Abandoned [59] |
Fire Use | DAFI Records (%) | Description | Key Reference | Mean Size (ha) | Mean Burned Area (% LC) | Mean Return Period (yrs) | Escaped (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop Field Preparation | 20.6 | Preparing temporary fields for crop planting | [51] | 0.8 | 12.8 | 9.8 | 0.06 |
Crop Residue Burning | 17.4 | Removing unwanted crop debris post-harvest | [73] | 3.9 | 22.8 | 1.5 | 0.01 |
Pasture Management | 12.8 | Supporting livestock farming by improving forage or combating pests | [74] | 33.9 | 32.1 | 3.0 | 5.01 |
Hunting–Gathering | 6.7 | Catching wild animals and fish for meat; harvesting plants and fungi for food, shelter, or medicine | [75] | 2.1 | 9.1 | 4.3 | 1.10 |
Vegetation Clearing | 14.0 | Permanently clearing primary vegetation for extractive land use (e.g., agriculture) | [76] | 9.2 | 6.6 | N/A | 0.95 |
Pyrome Management | 18.5 | Managing intensity, frequency, timing of fires by altering vegetation characteristics | [57] | 357.2 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 0.06 |
Arson | 3.5 | Deliberately causing damage to persons or property | [77] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Millington, J.D.A.; Perkins, O.; Smith, C. Human Fire Use and Management: A Global Database of Anthropogenic Fire Impacts for Modelling. Fire 2022, 5, 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5040087
Millington JDA, Perkins O, Smith C. Human Fire Use and Management: A Global Database of Anthropogenic Fire Impacts for Modelling. Fire. 2022; 5(4):87. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5040087
Chicago/Turabian StyleMillington, James D. A., Oliver Perkins, and Cathy Smith. 2022. "Human Fire Use and Management: A Global Database of Anthropogenic Fire Impacts for Modelling" Fire 5, no. 4: 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5040087