Comparing the Developmental Toxicity Delay and Neurotoxicity of Benzothiazole and Its Derivatives (BTHs) in Juvenile Zebrafish
<p>A black acrylic light shield is positioned beneath the 24-hole plate, which is cut to block half of the area of each observation hole. This configuration ensures that the white light from the bottom layer cannot irradiate the zebrafish through the light shield. The infrared plate at the bottom of the observation box is capable of emitting infrared rays, which can penetrate the acrylic plate but not the zebrafish. Consequently, the infrared high-speed camera is able to capture the movement of the zebrafish in the black area without light and in the area with light.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>BTH effects on developmental toxicity of zebrafish. All data are expressed as mean ± SE. (<b>A</b>) Spontaneous movement, N = 45; the number of times the zebrafish curls and wriggles inside the embryo. (<b>B</b>) Survival rate at 72 and 144 hpf after fertilization, N = 3. (<b>C</b>) Hatching rate at 48–96 hpf after fertilization, N = 3. (<b>D</b>) Body length at 72 hpf after fertilization, N = 9. Some of the unhatched embryos were measured after the egg membranes were peeled off using dissecting forceps under a microscope, and the larvae were allowed to stretch for 2 h. Furthermore, because some zebrafish embryos exposed to BTHs did not survive to 144 hpf, body length was not compared for this time period. <sup>ns</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.12, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.033, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.002, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, compared to control.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>BTH effects on zebrafish behavior. The data are presented as mean ± SE. (<b>A</b>) Mean velocity change of zebrafish under light and dark stimuli, N = 9. The white background area indicates that the zebrafish received light during the time period in question, while the gray background represents those that did not receive light and were in a dark environment during the same period. (<b>B</b>) The mean velocity of the zebrafish was observed under light and dark environments, N = 9. The symbol “+” indicates that the zebrafish received light in a bright environment during the observation period, while the symbol “−” denotes the absence of light in a dark environment. (<b>C</b>) The vibration startle response test involved velocity fluctuation, N = 30. Two knocks were performed at seconds 30 and 60, with the two highest peaks on the graph representing the instantaneous mean velocity of the zebrafish during the two seconds in which it was stimulated to undergo rapid swimming. (<b>D</b>) Comparison of instantaneous mean velocities of zebrafish during two seconds of stimulated fast swimming at 30 and 60 s, N = 30. (<b>E</b>) residence time of zebrafish in light and dark areas, N = 9. The symbol “+” indicates that the zebrafish stayed in the semicircular observation area that was illuminated by light without a visor, and the symbol “−” indicates that it stayed in the dark semicircular observation area that was obscured by a visor.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Normalized comparisons were made with the average fluorescence intensity of the control group.Analysis of BTH’s impact on the fluorescence of the central nervous system of Tg (HUC-GFP) zebrafish. The image on the right shows the green fluorescence of Tg (HUC-GFP) zebrafish under fluoroscopy in response to blue laser excitation, reflecting the development of the central nervous system, with stronger fluorescence representing more nerve cells. The results are presented as mean ± SE. (n = 9). <sup>ns</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.12, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.033, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.002, compared to control.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The effects of BTH on the enzyme-related activities of the zebrafish antioxidant system were normalized and compared with the enzyme activities of the control group. (<b>A</b>) CAT (catalase) enzyme activity, (<b>B</b>) SOD (superoxide dismutase) enzyme activity, (<b>C</b>) MDA (glutathione) enzyme activity, (<b>D</b>) GSH (glutathione) enzyme activity. <sup>ns</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.12, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, compared to control.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Comparison plot of the effects of BTHs on zebrafish-related gene expression. All gene expression was normalized to the control group for comparison, with a y = 1 dotted line on the y-axis. Below the dotted line indicates that the expression of this gene was suppressed compared to the control group, and above the dotted line indicates that this gene was overexpressed compared to the control group. The following heatmaps are shown in green for suppressed gene expression and in red for overexpression: (<b>A</b>) heatmap of neurodevelopment-related gene expression; (<b>B</b>) heatmap of oxidative stress-related gene expression. <sup>ns</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.12, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.033, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.002, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, compared to control.</p> "> Figure 6 Cont.
<p>Comparison plot of the effects of BTHs on zebrafish-related gene expression. All gene expression was normalized to the control group for comparison, with a y = 1 dotted line on the y-axis. Below the dotted line indicates that the expression of this gene was suppressed compared to the control group, and above the dotted line indicates that this gene was overexpressed compared to the control group. The following heatmaps are shown in green for suppressed gene expression and in red for overexpression: (<b>A</b>) heatmap of neurodevelopment-related gene expression; (<b>B</b>) heatmap of oxidative stress-related gene expression. <sup>ns</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.12, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.033, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.002, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, compared to control.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Zebrafish Breeding and Embryo Collection
2.3. Embryos Exposed to Different BTH Solutions
2.4. Behavioral Experiments on Light and Dark Stimulation, Black and White Choice, and Tapping Stimulation of Zebrafish Larvae
2.4.1. Light and Dark Stimulation Behavioral Test
2.4.2. Vibration Startle Response Test (VSRA)
2.4.3. Phototaxis Selection Behavior Test
2.5. Image Observation of Transgenic Zebrafish
2.6. Quantitative qPCR Detection
2.7. Assessment of Oxidative Stress Levels
3. Results
3.1. Developmental Toxicity of BTHs to Zebrafish Juveniles
3.2. Behavioral Changes in Zebrafish Juveniles
3.2.1. Light and Dark Stimulation
3.2.2. Vibration Startle Response Test
3.2.3. Phototaxis Test
3.3. Influence on Central Nervous System Development
3.4. Effects on the Antioxidant Systems of Zebrafish
3.5. Gene Expression Related to Neurodevelopment in Zebrafish Larvae
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Developmental toxicity: MBT > BTON ≈ 2-ABTH > BTH
- Neurotoxicity: BTH > MBT > BTON ≈ 2-ABTH
- Oxidative damage: MBT > BTH > BTON > 2-ABTH
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Primer Sequences | |
---|---|---|
Positive | Reverse | |
β-actin | ACAGGGAAAAGATGACACAGATCA | CAGCCTGGATGGCAACGTA |
elavl3 | AGACAAGATCACAGGCCAGAGCTT | TGGTCTGCAGTTTGAGACCGTTGA |
Syn2a | GTGACCATGCCAGCATTTC | TGGTTCTCCACTTTCACCTT |
Gap-43 | TTAACGGAGGACCAGTGCAA | GACGGAGGTCTGAGTCCTGA |
Shha | AGACCGAGACTCCACGACGC | TGCAGTCACTGGTGCGAACG |
nrd | CAGCAAGTGCTTCCTTTTCC | TAAGGGGTCCGTCAAATGAG |
ngn1 | TGCACAACCTTAACGACGCATTGG | TGCCCAGATGTAGTTGTGAGCGAA |
gfap | GGATGCAGCCAATCGTAAT | TTCCAGGTCACAGGTCAG |
mbp | AATCAGCAGGTTCTTCGGAGGAGA | AAGAAATGCACGACAGGGTTGACG |
Cu/Zn-Sod | GTCGTCTGGCTTGTGGAGTG | TGTCAGCGGGCTAGTGCTT |
Mn-Sod | GTCCGCACTTCAACCCTCA | TCCTCATTGCCACCCTTCC |
Cat | TGATCTTAGCAAATGCAACACTGA | TGCAAAGGCCCCCATTTT |
Nrf2 | GACAAAATCGGCGACAAAAT | TTAGGCCATGTCCACACGTA |
Gclm | AAGCCAGACACTGACACACC | ATCTGGAGGCATCACACAGC |
Gclc | CTCCTCACAGTCACGGCATT | TGAATGGAGACGGGGTGTTG |
Hmox-1 | ACGCTTACACCCCGCTACCTC | ATCCCCTTGTTTCCAGTCAG |
NQO-1 | CCTGCCATTCTGAAAGGCTGGT | GTGGTGATGGAAAGCACTGCCT |
Keap1 | CCAACGGCATAGAGGTAGTTAT | CCTGTATGTGGTAGGAGGGTT |
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Yin, X.; Wang, L.; Mao, L. Comparing the Developmental Toxicity Delay and Neurotoxicity of Benzothiazole and Its Derivatives (BTHs) in Juvenile Zebrafish. Toxics 2024, 12, 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050341
Yin X, Wang L, Mao L. Comparing the Developmental Toxicity Delay and Neurotoxicity of Benzothiazole and Its Derivatives (BTHs) in Juvenile Zebrafish. Toxics. 2024; 12(5):341. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050341
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Xiaogang, Lei Wang, and Lianshan Mao. 2024. "Comparing the Developmental Toxicity Delay and Neurotoxicity of Benzothiazole and Its Derivatives (BTHs) in Juvenile Zebrafish" Toxics 12, no. 5: 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050341