Clinical Study on the Implications of Immunological Markers in the Diagnosis of Periodontitis in People with Diabetes Mellitus
<p>Graphic representation of the mean differences between the age categories: (<b>a</b>) Differences between the age categories 30 and 40 and 51 and 60 regarding IL-1 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05), (<b>b</b>) Differences between the age categories 30 and 40 and 51 and 60 regarding IL-4 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05), (<b>c</b>) Differences between the age categories 30 and 40 and 51 and 60 regarding IL-8 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05), (<b>d</b>) Differences between the age categories 30 and 40 and 51 and 60 regarding TNFα (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> "> Figure 1 Cont.
<p>Graphic representation of the mean differences between the age categories: (<b>a</b>) Differences between the age categories 30 and 40 and 51 and 60 regarding IL-1 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05), (<b>b</b>) Differences between the age categories 30 and 40 and 51 and 60 regarding IL-4 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05), (<b>c</b>) Differences between the age categories 30 and 40 and 51 and 60 regarding IL-8 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05), (<b>d</b>) Differences between the age categories 30 and 40 and 51 and 60 regarding TNFα (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Graphical representation for cytokine values according to periodontal disease stages: (<b>a</b>) Differences relating to IL-1, (<b>b</b>) Differences relating to IL-4, (<b>c</b>) Differences relating to IL-8, (<b>d</b>) Differences relating to TNFα. (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subject Recruitment
- Stage 1—patients presenting clinical loss of 1–2 mm of interdental attachment (in the most affected site), radiologically visible bone loss of 1/3 coronal (maximum 15%), without absence of teeth due to periodontal reasons.
- Stage 2—patients with clinical loss of 3–4 mm of interdental attachment (in the most affected site), radiologically visible bone loss of 1/3 coronal (15–33%), no missing teeth due to periodontal reasons.
- Stage 3—patients with clinical loss of interdental attachment (in the most affected site) greater than 5 mm or with extension of bone resorption into the middle 1/3 of the root; bone loss is radiologically visible and extended to the middle third, and there are less than 4 dental units missing due to periodontal cause.
- Stage 4—patients with clinical loss of interdental attachment (in the most affected site) greater than 8 mm or with extension of bone resorption into the apical 1/3 of the root, radiologically visible bone loss extending into the apical 1/3, and more than 5 dental units missing due to periodontal cause.
- Presence of clinical signs for periodontal disease;
- Gingival retractions;
- Gingival bleeding;
- Halitosis;
- Bone resorption, periodontal pockets;
- Tooth migration or mobility;
- Presence of an OPT X-ray not older than 6 months;
- Age over 25.
- Periodontal therapy in the last 12 months,
- Smokers,
- imbalanced cardiovascular disease,
- chronic respiratory or kidney disease,
- osteoporosis or rheumatoid arthritis,
- pregnant or lactating women,
- patients whose data are incomplete or who refuse to participate in the study,
- type 1 diabetes mellitus.
2.2. Laboratory Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Patients’ Profile
3.2. Results following the Analysis of Immunological Markers
3.3. Differences between Values by Age Categories
3.4. Differences According to the Stage of Disease
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Witness group | 33 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
Research group | 33 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 100.0 |
Total | 66 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural | 32 | 48.5 | 48.5 | 48.5 |
Urban | 34 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 100.0 |
Total | 66 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 33 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
Male | 33 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 100.0 |
Total | 66 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
N | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjects’ age | 66 | 33 | 66 | 53.39 | 10.156 |
Valid N (listwise) | 66 |
Age Categories | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
61+ | 28 | 42.4 | 42.4 | 42.4 |
51–60 41–50 | 12 16 | 18.2 24.2 | 18.2 24.2 | 60.6 84.8 |
30–40 | 10 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 100.0 |
Total | 66 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Disease Stage | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stage four | 19 | 28.8 | 28.8 | 28.8 |
Stage three | 20 | 30.3 | 30.3 | 59.1 |
Stage two | 24 | 36.4 | 36.4 | 95.5 |
Stage one | 3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 100.0 |
Total | 66 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Inflammatory Marker | Group of Subjects | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. ErrorMean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interleukin 1β | Research group | 33 | 30.09 | 5.686 | 0.990 |
Witness group | 33 | 9.27 | 1.773 | 0.309 |
Inflammatory Marker | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | |
Interleukin 1β | 29.069 | 0.000 | 20.078 | 64.000 | 0.000 | 20.818 |
20.078 | 38.161 | 0.000 | 20.818 |
Group of Subjects | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. ErrorMean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL 4 | Research group | 33 | 35.00 | 5.420 | 0.943 |
Witness group | 33 | 23.15 | 1.623 | 0.282 |
Inflammatory Marker | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | |
IL 4 | 160.279 | 0.000 | 12.031 | 64.000 | 0.000 | 11.848 |
12.031 | 37.690 | 0.000 | 11.848 |
Inflammatory Marker | Group of Subjects | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. ErrorMean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL8 | Research group | 33 | 66.00 | 10.192 | 1.774 |
Witness group | 33 | 50.79 | 7.158 | 1.246 |
Inflammatory Marker | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | |
IL8 | 2215 | 0.142 | 7.017 | 64.000 | 0.000 | 15.212 |
7.017 | 57.390 | 0.000 | 15.212 |
Group of Subjects | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. ErrorMean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TNFα | Research group | 33 | 54.15 | 7.759 | 1.351 |
Witness group | 33 | 32.45 | 6.892 | 1.200 |
Inflammatory Marker | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | |
TNFα | 1.388 | 0.243 | 12.010 | 64.000 | 0.000 | 21.697 |
12.010 | 63.124 | 0.000 | 21.697 |
Inflammatory Markers | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | |
Interleukin 1β (valori) | 1.233 | 0.280 | −0.627 | 20.000 | 0.537 | −2.667 |
−0.632 | 19.751 | 0.535 | −2.667 | |||
IL 4 | 0.142 | 0.710 | 0.685 | 20.000 | 0.501 | 2.333 |
0.686 | 19.361 | 0.501 | 2.333 | |||
IL8 | 37.879 | 0.000 | −2.868 | 20.000 | 0.010 | −9.000 |
−2.714 | 12.922 | 0.018 | −9.000 | |||
TNFα | 7.585 | 0.012 | −1.023 | 20.000 | 0.318 | −4.917 |
−1.042 | 20.000 | 0.310 | −4.917 |
Inflammatory Markers | Stage of Disease | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. ErrorMean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interleukin 1β (values) | Stage two | 24 | 10.46 | 5.756 | 1.175 |
Stage three | 20 | 21.80 | 7.509 | 1.679 | |
IL 4 | Stage two | 24 | 25.88 | 5.535 | 1.130 |
Stage three | 20 | 34.10 | 7.833 | 1.752 | |
IL8 | Stage two | 24 | 49.42 | 7.330 | 1.496 |
Stage three | 20 | 58.90 | 2.673 | 0.598 | |
TNFα | Stage two | 24 | 30.63 | 6.233 | 1.272 |
Stage three | 20 | 45.75 | 6.950 | 1.554 |
Inflammatory Markers | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | |
Interleukina 1β (values) | 5.265 | 0.027 | −5.670 | 42.000 | 0.000 | −11.342 |
−5.535 | 35.192 | 0.000 | −11.342 | |||
IL 4 | 10.148 | 0.003 | −4.071 | 42.000 | 0.000 | −8.225 |
−3.946 | 33.333 | 0.000 | −8.225 | |||
IL8 | 24.191 | 0.000 | −5.481 | 42.000 | 0.000 | −9.483 |
−5.886 | 30.003 | 0.000 | −9.483 | |||
TNFα | 0.581 | 0.450 | −7.607 | 42.000 | 0.000 | −15.125 |
−7.531 | 38.659 | 0.000 | −15.125 |
Inflammatory Markers | Stage of Disease | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. ErrorMean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interleukin 1β (values) | Stage two | 24 | 10.46 | 5.756 | 1.175 |
Stage four | 19 | 29.21 | 11.497 | 2.638 | |
IL 4 | Stage two | 24 | 25.88 | 5.535 | 1.130 |
Stage four | 19 | 26.89 | 4.557 | 1.045 | |
IL8 | Stage two | 24 | 49.42 | 7.330 | 1.496 |
Stage four | 19 | 70.21 | 11.736 | 2.692 | |
TNFα | Stage two | 24 | 30.63 | 6.233 | 1.272 |
Stage four | 19 | 57.47 | 8.514 | 1.953 |
Inflammatory Markers | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | |
Interleukin 1β (values) | 12.184 | 0.001 | −6.977 | 41.00 | 0.000 | −18.752 |
−6.495 | 25.079 | 0.000 | −18.752 | |||
IL 4 | 0.008 | 0.930 | −0.647 | 41.00 | 0.521 | −1.020 |
−0.662 | 40.918 | 0.511 | −1.020 | |||
IL8 | 6.325 | 0.016 | −7.114 | 41.00 | 0.000 | −20.794 |
−6.751 | 28.693 | 0.000 | −20.794 | |||
TNFα | 2.865 | 0.098 | −11.940 | 41.00 | 0.000 | −26.849 |
−11.518 | 32.007 | 0.000 | −26.849 |
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Dinu, A.; Antonescu, O.R. Clinical Study on the Implications of Immunological Markers in the Diagnosis of Periodontitis in People with Diabetes Mellitus. Dent. J. 2024, 12, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12060149
Dinu A, Antonescu OR. Clinical Study on the Implications of Immunological Markers in the Diagnosis of Periodontitis in People with Diabetes Mellitus. Dentistry Journal. 2024; 12(6):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12060149
Chicago/Turabian StyleDinu, Andreea, and Oana Raluca Antonescu. 2024. "Clinical Study on the Implications of Immunological Markers in the Diagnosis of Periodontitis in People with Diabetes Mellitus" Dentistry Journal 12, no. 6: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12060149