Effects of Different Toothpastes on the Nanomechanical Properties and Chemical Composition of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Composite Resin Restorations
<p>Specimen preparation and study flowchart. (<b>a</b>) A total of 144 bovine incisors were obtained and 72 enamel and 72 dentin blocks were created (4 × 4 mm<sup>2</sup>). (<b>b</b>) The blocks were then polished in an automatic polishing machine. (<b>c</b>) Blocks were selected using a surface microhardness analysis. (<b>d</b>) Enamel and dentin blocks were inserted into an acrylic base, 1 mm apart in each base. (<b>e</b>) A cavity was prepared on the mesial surfaces of the specimens, with a total surface area of 2 × 2 mm<sup>2</sup>. (<b>f</b>) The RMGIC or CR restorations were applied. (<b>g</b>) The restorations were polished to remove excess restorative material. (<b>h</b>) The hemiface of each specimen/restoration set was covered with an acid-resistant varnish. (<b>i</b>) The specimens were subjected to erosion (4 times/day) (<b>j</b>) and abrasion (2 times/day) cycles. (<b>k</b>) The specimens were stored in artificial saliva between cycles. (<b>l</b>) The dental substrates and restorative materials were subjected to H analysis. (<b>m</b>) SEM/EDS analyses of the dental surfaces and restorative materials were performed. (<b>n</b>) Raman spectroscopy analyses of the dental surfaces were performed.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Raman spectroscopy for the control and eroded enamel, with a phosphate peak at 960 cm<sup>−1</sup> and carbonate peak at 1070 cm<sup>−1</sup>. (<b>A</b>) ERMGIC-C, (<b>B</b>) ERMGIC-E, (<b>C</b>) ECR-C, and (<b>D</b>) ECR-E.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Raman spectroscopy for the control and eroded dentin, with a phosphate peak at 960 cm<sup>−1</sup> and carbonate peak at 1070 cm<sup>−1</sup>. (<b>A</b>) DRMGIC-C, (<b>B</b>) DRMGIC-E, (<b>C</b>) DCR-C, and (<b>D</b>) DCR-E.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Representative SEM images of eroded surfaces (5000×). (<b>A</b>) Eroded enamel surface brushed with WF toothpaste shows roughness. (<b>B</b>) Eroded enamel surface brushed with NaF toothpaste shows roughness. (<b>C</b>) Eroded enamel surface brushed with SnF<sub>2</sub> toothpaste shows mineral precipitation. (<b>D</b>) Eroded dentin surface brushed with WF toothpaste shows large dentinal tubules and presence of odontoblast processes. (<b>E</b>) Eroded dentin surface brushed with NaF toothpaste shows partial obliteration of dentinal tubules. (<b>F</b>) Eroded dentin surface brushed with SnF<sub>2</sub> also shows partial obliteration of dentinal tubules. (<b>G</b>) RMGIC-E surface brushed with WF toothpaste shows some cracks. (<b>H</b>) RMGIC-E surface brushed with NaF toothpaste shows irregularities. (<b>I</b>) RMGIC-E surface brushed with SnF<sub>2</sub> toothpaste shows cracks and concavities. (<b>J</b>) CR-E surface brushed with WF toothpaste shows no alterations. (<b>K</b>) CR-E surface brushed with NaF toothpaste shows no alterations. (<b>L</b>) CR-E surface brushed with SnF<sub>2</sub> shows grooves.</p> "> Figure 4 Cont.
<p>Representative SEM images of eroded surfaces (5000×). (<b>A</b>) Eroded enamel surface brushed with WF toothpaste shows roughness. (<b>B</b>) Eroded enamel surface brushed with NaF toothpaste shows roughness. (<b>C</b>) Eroded enamel surface brushed with SnF<sub>2</sub> toothpaste shows mineral precipitation. (<b>D</b>) Eroded dentin surface brushed with WF toothpaste shows large dentinal tubules and presence of odontoblast processes. (<b>E</b>) Eroded dentin surface brushed with NaF toothpaste shows partial obliteration of dentinal tubules. (<b>F</b>) Eroded dentin surface brushed with SnF<sub>2</sub> also shows partial obliteration of dentinal tubules. (<b>G</b>) RMGIC-E surface brushed with WF toothpaste shows some cracks. (<b>H</b>) RMGIC-E surface brushed with NaF toothpaste shows irregularities. (<b>I</b>) RMGIC-E surface brushed with SnF<sub>2</sub> toothpaste shows cracks and concavities. (<b>J</b>) CR-E surface brushed with WF toothpaste shows no alterations. (<b>K</b>) CR-E surface brushed with NaF toothpaste shows no alterations. (<b>L</b>) CR-E surface brushed with SnF<sub>2</sub> shows grooves.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Restorative Procedures
2.4. Erosion–Abrasion Cycles
2.5. Analyses of Nanohardness (H)
2.6. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.7. Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nanohardness (H)
3.2. Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
3.3. Analysis of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Application Mode | Composition | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|
Adper Single Bond 2 (Adhesive system) | Apply one layer of adhesive, wait for 20 s, air stream for 5 s, and polymerize for 10 s | Bis-GMA, HEMA, dimethacrylates, ethanol, water, a novel photoinitiator system and a methacrylate functional copolymer of polyacrylic and polyitaconic acids | 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA |
Filtek Z350 XT (color A2B) Batch: 672,912 | Apply increments of 2 mm and polymerize for 20 s each | Bis-GMA, UDMA, Bis-EMA, TEGDMA, PEGDMA, Zirconia and agglomerates of silica and camphorquinone | 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA |
Fuji II LC (color A3) Batch: 17,051,316 | Apply GC conditioner for 20 s and rinse and dry for 10 s. Dispense one level scoop of powder with two drops of liquid and mix for 15–20 s. Transfer the mixture to the centrix syringe and polymerize for 40 s. | Powder: fluor-amino-silicate glass. Liquid: aqueous solution of polycarboxylic acid, TEGDMA and HEMA | GC, Tokyo, Japan |
Curaprox Enzycal Zero (RDA-60) * Batch: 442MHDEXP1121 | Fluoride-free toothpaste (WF) | Water, sorbitol, hydrated silica, Glycerin, Steareth-20, titanium dioxide (Cl 77,891), flavor, sodium phosphate, carrageenan, sodium chloride, citric acid, sodium benzoate, potassium thiocyanate, glucose oxidase, amyloglucosidase, lactoperoxidase | Trybol, Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Swiss |
Colgate Total 12 (RDA-70/80) * Batch: 6184BR121R | Sodium Fluoride Toothpaste (NaF) | Sodium fluoride (1450 ppm as NaF) water, triclosan, sorbitol, silica, sodium lauryl sulfate, PMV/MA copolymer, sodium hydroxide, saccharin sodium, titanium dioxide | Colgate-Palmolive, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil. |
Crest Pro-Health (RDA-155) * Batch: 6039GF | Stannous Fluoride Toothpaste (SnF2) | Stannous fluoride (1100 ppm F as SnF2) glycerin, hydrated silica, sodium hexametaphosphate, propylene glycol, peg 6, water, zinc lactate, trisodium phosphate, sodium lauryl sulfate, carrageenan, sodium saccharin, xanthan gum, blue 1 | Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH, USA |
Factors | ERMGIC-C | ECR-C | RMGIC-C | CR-C | DRMGIC-C | DCR-C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WF | 2.97 (0.45) Aa | 2.66 (0.40) Ab | 0.47 (0.20) Ab | 0.69 (0.12) Aa | 0.68 (0.15) Aa | 0.63 (0.10) Aa |
NaF | 2.89 (0.73) Aa | 2.96 (0.43) Aa | 0.41 (0.19) Ab | 0.67 (0.17) Aa | 0.59 (0.12) Ba | 0.61 (0.15) Aa |
SnF2 | 3.09 (0.83) Aa | 2.98 (0.63) Aa | 0.49 (0.21) Ab | 0.70 (0.21) Aa | 0.65 (0.13) Aba | 0.67 (0.15) Aa |
Factors | ERMGIC-E | ECR-E | RMGIC-E | CR-E | DRMGIC-E | DCR-E |
WF | 0.51 (0.17) Aa * | 0.55 (0.22) Aa * | 0.29 (0.09) Ab * | 0.64 (0.08) Aa | 0.05 (0.02) Aa * | 0.10 (0.05) Aa * |
NaF | 0.52 (0.24) Aa * | 0.50 (0.30) Aa * | 0.34 (0.16) Ab | 0.65 (0.18) Aa | 0.08 (0.04) Aa * | 0.06 (0.02) Aa * |
SnF2 | 0.27 (0.07) Aa * | 0.23 (0.06) Aa * | 0.25 (0.14) Ab * | 0.63 (0.11) Aa | 0.08 (0.03) Aa * | 0.07 (0.02) Aa * |
Factors | ERMGIC-C | ERMGIC-E | ECR-C | ECR-E |
---|---|---|---|---|
WF | 1.80 (0.10) Aa | 1.78 (0.12) Aa | 1.79 (0.10) Aa | 1.80 (0.12) Aa |
NaF | 1.75 (0.14) Aa | 1.78 (0.16) Aa | 1.80 (0.10) Aa | 1.87 (0.08) Aa |
SnF2 | 1.81 (0.02) Aa | 1.71 (0.09) Aa | 1.75 (0.12) Aa | 1.77 (0.09) Aa |
Factors | DRMGIC-C | DRMGIC-E | DCR-C | DCR-E |
---|---|---|---|---|
WF | 1.74 (0.08) Aa | 0.53 (0.83) Ab | 1.71 (0.09) Aa | 0.62 (0.96) Bb |
NaF | 1.68 (0.08) Aa | 1.12 (0.87) Aa | 1.95 (0.35) Aa | 1.77 (0.12) Aa |
SnF2 | 1.70 (0.08) Aa | 0.53 (0.81) Aa | 1.74 (0.10) Aa | 1.22 (0.95) ABab |
Factors | ERMGIC-C | ERMGIC-E | ECR-C | ECR-E |
---|---|---|---|---|
WF | 0.06 (0.08) Aa | 0.04 (0.01) Aa | 0.04 (0.01) Aa | 0.04 (0.01) Aa |
NaF | 0.05 (0.01) Aa | 0.05 (0.02) Aa | 0.03 (0.01) Aa | 0.04 (0.01) Aa |
SnF2 | 0.04 (0.02) Aa | 0.08 (0.13) Aa | 0.04 (0.01) Aa | 0.04 (0.02) Aa |
Factors | DRMGIC-C | DRMGIC-E | DCR-C | DCR-E |
---|---|---|---|---|
WF | 0.33 (0.20) Bb | 0.35 (0.05) Aab | 0.42 (0.07) Aa | 0.29 (0.04) Ab |
NaF | 0.42 (0.06) Aa | 0.36 (0.08) Aab | 0.39 (0.04) Aa | 0.26 (0.08) Ab |
SnF2 | 0.45 (0.07) Aa | 0.31 (0.08) Ab | 0.42 (0.06) Aa | 0.25 (0.09) Ab |
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Moda, M.D.; Dos Santos, P.H.; Pini, N.I.P.; Furini, L.N.; Briso, A.L.F.; Assmann, A.; Fagundes, T.C. Effects of Different Toothpastes on the Nanomechanical Properties and Chemical Composition of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Composite Resin Restorations. Dent. J. 2023, 11, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11070173
Moda MD, Dos Santos PH, Pini NIP, Furini LN, Briso ALF, Assmann A, Fagundes TC. Effects of Different Toothpastes on the Nanomechanical Properties and Chemical Composition of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Composite Resin Restorations. Dentistry Journal. 2023; 11(7):173. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11070173
Chicago/Turabian StyleModa, Mariana Dias, Paulo Henrique Dos Santos, Nubia Inocencya Pavesi Pini, Leonardo Negri Furini, André Luiz Fraga Briso, André Assmann, and Ticiane Cestari Fagundes. 2023. "Effects of Different Toothpastes on the Nanomechanical Properties and Chemical Composition of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Composite Resin Restorations" Dentistry Journal 11, no. 7: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11070173