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Processes
Volume 1
Issue 1
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Processes, Volume 1, Issue 1 (June 2013) – 3 articles , Pages 1-29

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1455 KiB  
Article
Electrical Model for Analyzing Chemical Kinetics, Lasing and Bio-Chemical Processes
by Asaf Shahmoon and Zeev Zalevsky
Processes 2013, 1(1), 12-29; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr1010012 - 16 May 2013
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6093
Abstract
In this paper we present the analogous electrical model for analyzing and determining the precise time dependence of concentrations in general first and zero order chemical reactions. In addition, the applicability of this analogous electrical model for investigating the optical and bio chemical [...] Read more.
In this paper we present the analogous electrical model for analyzing and determining the precise time dependence of concentrations in general first and zero order chemical reactions. In addition, the applicability of this analogous electrical model for investigating the optical and bio chemical processes is also presented. By constructing the proper analogous electrical circuit experimentally or with the help of special electrical software, the time behavior of the analyzed parameter even for extremely complicated processes can be obtained. Full article
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>A sketch of the most general first order chemical kinetic reaction.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The analogous electrical circuits correspond to the most general first order reaction. (<b>a</b>) Analogous electrical model for chemical reaction of element X<sub>1</sub>. (<b>b</b>) and (<b>c</b>) analogous electrical model for chemical reactions of elements of X<sub>2</sub> and X<sub>3</sub>, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The analogous electrical circuit for zero order reactions.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The analogous electrical circuit for the first order reactions represented by a resistor-capacitor circuit.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The analogous electrical circuit for reversible reactions.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The analogous electrical circuit describing a triple consecutive reaction of concentrations [<span class="html-italic">A</span>], [<span class="html-italic">B</span>] and [<span class="html-italic">C</span>] used in the simulation software.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The output voltage (<span class="html-italic">i.e.</span>, concentration) of elements [<span class="html-italic">A</span>], [<span class="html-italic">B</span>] and [<span class="html-italic">C</span>] as function of time.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Vapor phase decomposition of ethylene oxide. A comparison between experimental data and simulation results acquired using the analogous electrical model.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The energy model of a four level laser.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>The analogous electrical model of atoms concentrations at each one of the four levels of the laser.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Schematic sketch of the concentration distribution assumption.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>The analogous electrical circuits of concentrations [Na<sup>+</sup>]<sub>1</sub> and [Na<sup>+</sup>]<sub>2</sub> related to the flow through cell’s membrane.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>The analogous electrical circuit of concentrations [Na<sup>+</sup>]<sub>1</sub> and [Na<sup>+</sup>]<sub>2</sub> that are related to a flow through a metallic membrane.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Schematic sketch of the osmosis system. The intermediate membrane is penetrable only for water.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>The analogous electrical circuit of number of moles <span class="html-fig-inline" id="processes-01-00012-i071"> <img alt="Processes 01 00012 i071" src="/processes/processes-01-00012/article_deploy/html/images/processes-01-00012-i071.png"/></span> and <span class="html-fig-inline" id="processes-01-00012-i072"> <img alt="Processes 01 00012 i072" src="/processes/processes-01-00012/article_deploy/html/images/processes-01-00012-i072.png"/></span> that are related to the osmosis system analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Vapor phase decomposition of ethylene oxide into methane and carbon monoxide.</p> Full article ">
717 KiB  
Article
Helical-Track Bioreactors for Bacterial, Mammalian and Insect Cell Cultures
by Stéphanie Tissot, Patrik O. Michel, Clara J. Douet, Sarah Grezet, Lucia Baldi, David L. Hacker and Florian M. Wurm
Processes 2013, 1(1), 3-11; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr1010003 - 26 Mar 2013
Viewed by 7423
Abstract
We investigated the cultivation of bacterial, mammalian and insect cells in an orbitally-shaken 250-mL disposable tube that incorporates a helical track (HT) on its inside wall. The mass transfer coefficient of oxygen (kLa) was 200%–400% higher in the HT [...] Read more.
We investigated the cultivation of bacterial, mammalian and insect cells in an orbitally-shaken 250-mL disposable tube that incorporates a helical track (HT) on its inside wall. The mass transfer coefficient of oxygen (kLa) was 200%–400% higher in the HT tube than in a shake flask. Bacterial growth and plasmid production were 30% higher in the HT tube than in a 1-L Erlenmeyer flask. Mammalian cell cultures achieved a 25% higher cell density in the HT tube as compared to a 250-mL square-shaped bottle while insect cells grew as well in HT tubes as in 250-mL shake flasks. Because of their performance, disposability, and compact size, we conclude that 250-mL HT tubes are a useful alternative to other shaken containers for the cultivation of bacterial, mammalian and insect cells. Full article
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Images of culture containers used in this study; (<b>a</b>) a 250-mL helical track (HT) tube (left) and its vented cap (right); (<b>b</b>) a 1-L Erlenmeyer flask with a stainless steel closure; (<b>c</b>) a 250-mL square-shaped bottle; (<b>d</b>) a cylindrical glass bottle; (<b>e</b>) a 250-mL flat-base Erlenmeyer flask with a vented cap.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Determination of <span class="html-italic">k<sub>L</sub>a</span> in 250-mL HT tubes. The HT tubes were filled with 100-mL deionized water, and measurements were made at 37 °C using a dynamic method (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4, error bars represent SD).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p><span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> cultivation in different containers. The 100-mL cultures in 1-L Erlenmeyer flasks (open symbols) and 250-mL HT tubes (closed symbols) were incubated at 37°C with agitation at 200 rpm. At the times indicated, the (<b>a</b>) OD<sub>600</sub>, (<b>b</b>) pH, and (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">c<sub>G</sub></span> (squares) and <span class="html-italic">c<sub>L</sub></span> (circles) were measured. The <span class="html-italic">c<sub>G</sub></span> and <span class="html-italic">c<sub>L</sub></span> were reported as % air sat. (<b>d</b>) The OTR was calculated from Equation (1). This experiment was performed in duplicate; error bars represent SD.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>CHO-DG44 cell cultivation in different containers. The 100-mL cultures were inoculated in cylindrical (open circles) and square-shaped (open squares) 250-mL bottles and 250-mL HT tubes (closed circles) at a density of 0.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL. The cultures were incubated at 37 °C with agitation at 110 rpm (bottles) or 160 rpm (HT tubes). At the times indicated, the viable cell density (<b>a</b>), cell viability (<b>b</b>), and biomass (<b>c</b>) were measured. The experiment was performed in duplicate. Error bars represent SD.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Sf9 cell cultivation in different containers. The cells were inoculated into 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks (open circles) and 250-mL HT tubes (closed circles) at a density of 0.6 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL and incubated at 28 °C with agitation at 130 rpm for the Erlenmeyer flasks and 140 rpm for the HT tubes. The working volumes were 50 mL in the Erlenmeyer flasks and 100 mL in the HT tubes. At the times indicated, the (<b>a</b>) viable cell density, (<b>b</b>) viability, and (<b>c</b>) biomass were measured. The experiment was performed in duplicate. Error bars represent SD.</p> Full article ">
34 KiB  
Editorial
Welcome to Processes—A New Open Access Journal on Chemical and Biological Process Technology
by Michael A. Henson
Processes 2013, 1(1), 1-2; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr1010001 - 21 Nov 2012
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4284
Abstract
As the result of remarkable technological progress, this past decade has witnessed considerable advances in our ability to manipulate natural and engineered systems, particularly at the molecular level. These advancements offer the potential to revolutionize our world through the development of novel soft [...] Read more.
As the result of remarkable technological progress, this past decade has witnessed considerable advances in our ability to manipulate natural and engineered systems, particularly at the molecular level. These advancements offer the potential to revolutionize our world through the development of novel soft and hard materials and the construction of new cellular platforms for chemical and pharmaceutical synthesis. For these technologies to truly impact society, the development of process technology that will enable effective large-scale production is essential. Improved processes are also needed for more established technologies in chemical and biochemical manufacturing, as these industries face ever increasing competitive pressure that mandates continuous improvement. [...] Full article
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