Coastal Dune Vegetation Dynamism and Anthropogenic-Induced Transitions in the Mexican Caribbean during the Last Decade
<p>Box and whisker plots for the SAVI values by (<b>a</b>) zone and (<b>b</b>) climatic season. Solid horizontal lines represent the median of each group. Extreme outliers are represented by black dots. SAVI showed higher values and was more homogeneous in the NZ than in the SZ. SAVI showed higher values during the northerlies than during other climatic seasons.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Distribution of the Mann–Kendall trend in the northern zone (NZ) of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve estimated from SAVI for the period 2011–2020. Maps (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) represent sections of the NZ overall tendency map.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Distribution of the Mann–Kendall trend in the southern zone (SZ) of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere reserve estimated from SAVI for the period 2011–2020. Maps (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) represent a section of the overall tendency map of the SZ.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Percentage of vegetation cover density for biannual periods for the coastal dune ecosystem in the (<b>a</b>) northern zone and (<b>b</b>) southern zone of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve. Abbreviations are as follows: Bare Soil (BG); Low-Density Vegetation (LDV); Medium–Low-Density Vegetation (MLDV); Medium–High-Density Vegetation (MHDV); and High-Density Vegetation (HDV).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Biannual differences in vegetation cover density (expressed in percentage) as per the SAVI index for the coastal dune ecosystem in the (<b>a</b>) northern and (<b>b</b>) southern zones of the SKBR. Abbreviations for the x-axis are as follows: Bia: biannual periods, Bia1: 2011–2012; Bia2: 2013–2014; Bia3: 2015–2016; Bia4: 2017–2018; Bia5: 2019–2020. Abbreviations in the symbology are the same as in <a href="#plants-13-01734-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Spatial representation of the variation exhibited by SAVI values in the NZ and SZ by the different climatic seasons (northerlies, dry, and rainy). The most significant environmental climatic variables were Tmx: maximum temperature (°C), Tmn: minimum temperature (°C), and Prep: precipitation (mm).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Map showing the northern zone of Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve. Drone images (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) showing the anthropogenic impact on the dune ecosystem and its vegetation.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Map showing the southern zone of Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve. Drone images (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) showing the anthropogenic impact on the dune ecosystem and its vegetation.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Map showing the geographic position of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve within the Mexican Caribbean. The reserve is divided into a (<b>a</b>) northern zone and a (<b>b</b>) southern zone. Colored zones correspond to the land use classification by the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). Only those classification categories relevant to the study area were used. Abbreviations are as follows: AH: human settlement; H2O: water; VM: mangrove vegetation; VU: coastal dune vegetation. Other land use and vegetation categories can be accessed through <a href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/biblioteca/ficha.html?upc=889463842781" target="_blank">https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/biblioteca/ficha.html?upc=889463842781</a> (accessed on 29 April 2024).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Workflow for the yearly estimation of (<b>a</b>) SAVI-NDVI during the 2011–2020 period and (<b>b</b>) Mann–Kendall trend for vegetation density change in the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Spatial and Temporal Vegetation Cover Density Variability in the Coastal Dune of SKBR during 2011–2020
2.2. Vegetation Cover Density Trend with SAVI
2.3. Vegetation Cover Density Evolution in the Northern and Southern Zone of the SKBR
2.4. Biannual Changes in Vegetation Cover Density in the Northern and Southern Zone of the SKBR
2.5. SAVI Relationship and Environmental Climate Variables (CVs)
3. Discussion
3.1. Spatial and Temporal Vegetation Cover Density Variability in the Coastal Dune of RBSK
3.2. Trends in Vegetation Cover Density in the SKBR
3.3. Changes in Vegetation Cover Density during the Last Decade in the SKBR
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Estimation of Biannual and Annual SAVI and NDVI Patterns, Using Google Earth Engine
4.3. Trends in Vegetation Cover Density Changes for the Northern and Southern Zone of the SKBR
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SAVI | Vegetation Strata and Representative Vegetation | |
---|---|---|
Category 1: | Bare Soil and/or Water (−0.77 to 0); | Sand |
Category 2: | Low-Density Vegetation (0 to 0.25); | Herbaceous and creeping vegetation: Canavalia rosea, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Sporobolus virginicus, Cakile lanceolata. |
Category 3: | Medium–Low-Density Vegetation (0.25 to 0.35); | Shrubby: Suriana maritima, Tournefortia gnaphalodes, Ernodea littoralis; Scaevola plumieri, Lantana involucrata. |
Category 4: | Medium–High-Density Vegetation (0.35 to 0.45); | Shrubby–arboreal: Thrinax radiata, Ernodea littoralis; Scaevola plumieri, Cordia sebestena, Tournefortia gnaphalodes, Cocos nucifera, Lantana involucrata. |
Category 5: | High-Density Vegetation (0.45 to 0.66). | Arboreal: Thrinax radiata, Coccoloba uvifera, Cordia sebestena, Bursera simaruba, Metopium brownei and Cocos nucifer, Rhizophora mangle, Conocarpus erectus. |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Gayosso-Soto, E.; Cohuo, S.; Sánchez-Sánchez, J.A.; Villegas-Sánchez, C.A.; Castro-Pérez, J.M.; Cutz-Pool, L.Q.; Macario-González, L. Coastal Dune Vegetation Dynamism and Anthropogenic-Induced Transitions in the Mexican Caribbean during the Last Decade. Plants 2024, 13, 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131734
Gayosso-Soto E, Cohuo S, Sánchez-Sánchez JA, Villegas-Sánchez CA, Castro-Pérez JM, Cutz-Pool LQ, Macario-González L. Coastal Dune Vegetation Dynamism and Anthropogenic-Induced Transitions in the Mexican Caribbean during the Last Decade. Plants. 2024; 13(13):1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131734
Chicago/Turabian StyleGayosso-Soto, Eloy, Sergio Cohuo, Joan Alberto Sánchez-Sánchez, Carmen Amelia Villegas-Sánchez, José Manuel Castro-Pérez, Leopoldo Querubín Cutz-Pool, and Laura Macario-González. 2024. "Coastal Dune Vegetation Dynamism and Anthropogenic-Induced Transitions in the Mexican Caribbean during the Last Decade" Plants 13, no. 13: 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131734