Algal Ocelloids and Plant Ocelli
<p><b>Algal Eyespot of Chlamydomonas.</b> Chlamydomonas alga with two flagella associated with the basal bodies which intracellularly organize intracellular bundles of microtubules (known as rootlets) of which the D4 bundle anchors the eyespot. This eyespot is constructed from chloroplast thylakoid membranes and carotenoid globules, aligned under the plasma membrane which is enriched with photoreceptor channelrhodopsin. Besides the bundles of microtubules, the basal body also organizes the centrin-based contractile nucleo-basal body connector anchoring the nucleus. M4, M2 and D2 rootlets are not shown in this simplified scheme.</p> "> Figure 2
<p><b>Algal Ocelloid of Dinoflagellates.</b> Camera-like ocelloid of warnowiid dinoflagellates is composed of cornea-like mitochondrion enclosing hyaloplasm acting as lens and chloroplast-based retinal body. Similarly, as in the algal eyespot, the chloroplast plays the central role in the microbial vision. Adapted according [<a href="#B43-plants-12-00061" class="html-bibr">43</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p><b>Bacterial Vision: Cyanobacterium Synechocystis.</b> The whole cyanobacterial cell acts as a lens, focusing light beams on a small patch of the plasma membrane which controls the type-IV pili-based motility apparatus anchored in the plasma membrane via T4P complexes. Under the plasma membrane are thylakoid membranes. This model was adapted according to [<a href="#B49-plants-12-00061" class="html-bibr">49</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p><b>Root Apex Ocelli.</b> Arabidopsis root apex expresses phot1 blue-light photoreceptor in cortex cells of the transition zone. The phot1 photoreceptors are arranged in the U-shape arrangements under the root epidermis cells which are devoid of phot 1 and are proposed to act as a lens cells, focusing the light on the underlying cortex cells. The root apex ocelli are proposed to allow root skototropism when roots grown within the illuminated portion of Petri dish can recognize the dark area and navigate the root growth towards it.</p> "> Figure 5
<p><b>Microtubules-MTOC in Rudimentary Cell Vision of Eukaryotic Cells.</b> Albrecht-Beuhler’s rudimentary cellular vision is accomplished via microtubules conveying infrared wavelengths along microtubules towards the perinuclear centrosome of animal cells. In the plant cells, the centrosome is not corpuscular but is distributed diffusely along the whole nuclear surface.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chlamydomonas Algal Eyespot: Rhizoplast and Rootlet Connections
3. From Algal Ocelloids to Plant Ocelli
4. Bacterial Vision: Cyanobacterium Synechocystis
5. Plant Vision: Boquila trifoliata
6. Root Apex Vision: Root Skototropism
7. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yamashita, F.; Baluška, F. Algal Ocelloids and Plant Ocelli. Plants 2023, 12, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010061
Yamashita F, Baluška F. Algal Ocelloids and Plant Ocelli. Plants. 2023; 12(1):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010061
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamashita, Felipe, and František Baluška. 2023. "Algal Ocelloids and Plant Ocelli" Plants 12, no. 1: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010061