Sustainable Development, Territorial Disparities in Land Resources, and Soil Degradation: A Multi-Temporal Approach
<p>(<b>Left</b>) A map of Italy indicating the position of the Latium region (in red) and illustrating the spatial distribution of a simplified aridity index (average values between 1951 and 1980), indicating Latium as a traditional sub-humid region at that time (see <a href="#sec2dot1-resources-13-00125" class="html-sec">Section 2.1</a>); (<b>middle</b>) the administrative structure governing land; red indicates the boundaries of the Nuts-3 provinces (VT: Viterbo, RI: Rieti, RM: Rome, LT: Latina, and FR: Frosinone), and gray indicates the boundaries of the Nuts-5 municipalities; (<b>right</b>) the altimetry (<b>right</b>) of the Latium region; three color tones with different darknesses were used to outline the elevation gradient (light: <100 m at the sea level; intermediate: 101–500 m at the sea level; dark: >500 m at the sea level).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>A summary schematization of the elementary variables, thematic (quality) indicators, and the composite Environmentally Sensitive Area Index, ESAI.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The spatial distribution of the average population density in the Latium region by municipality and province in 1961 (<b>left</b>) and 2021 (<b>right</b>); three color tones with different darknesses were used to highlight increasing density (light: <200 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>; intermediate: 201–500 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>; and dark: >500 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>); VT: Viterbo; RI: Rieti; RM: Rome; LT: Latina; FR: Frosinone).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Spatial distribution of ESAI scores in Latium; 1960 (<b>upper left</b>), 1990 (<b>upper right</b>), 2020 (<b>lower left</b>), and percent difference between the beginning and the end of the observation period (<b>lower right</b>); white pixels indicate completely built-up areas (such as compact settlements in cities), lakes, and mountainous rocks/permanent glaciers that were not evaluated for soil degradation.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source and Elementary Variables
2.2.1. Soil Quality
2.2.2. Climate Quality
2.2.3. Vegetation Quality
2.2.4. Land Management Quality
2.3. Thematic Indicators
2.4. Descriptive Statistics of the Composite Index (ESAI)
3. Results
3.1. A Preliminary Scrutiny of Territorial Conditions
3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3.3. Spatial Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Quality (SQI) | Vegetation Quality (VQI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Texture | Fire Risk | Corine Class | Score | ||
S | 2.00 | Barren; permanent agriculture; crops | 2.1.2., 2.2.1., 2.2.2., 2.2.3, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 4.2.3 | 1.00 | |
Si, C, SiC | 1.67 | Cereals; grasslands; deciduous forests | 2.1.1., 2.4.1., 2.4.2., 2.4.3, 2.4.4., 3.1.1., 3.1.3., 3.2.1, 3.2.4 | 1.33 | |
SC, SiL, SiCL | 1.33 | Mediterranean maquis | 3.2.3 | 1.67 | |
L, SCL, SL, LS, CL | 1.00 | Conifer | 3.1.2 | 2.00 | |
Soil depth | Soil erosion protection | ||||
<15 | 2.00 | Mixed Mediterranean maquis-evergreen wood | 2.4.4., 3.1.3., 3.2.4. | 1.0 | |
15–30 | 1.67 | Mediterranean maquis; conifer wood; evergreen permanent agriculture (olive trees); permanent grassland | 3.2.3., 3.1.2., 3.2.1., 3.2.3. | 1.3 | |
30–75 | 1.33 | Deciduous wood | 3.1.1. | 1.6 | |
>75 | 1.00 | Permanent agriculture (orchard) | 2.2.2. | 1.8 | |
Crops; grasslands; barren | 2.1.1., 2.1.2., 2.2.1., 2.4.1., 2.4.2., 2.4.3., 3.3.3., 3.3.4., 4.2.3. | 2.0 | |||
Avai. water capacity | Drought resistance | ||||
<80 | 2.00 | Mixed Mediterranean maquis-evergreen wood | 3.2.3., 3.2.4., 3.3.3., 3.3.4. | 1.0 | |
80–120 | 1.67 | Conifer; deciduous; olives | 2.2.3., 3.1.1., 3.1.2., 3.1.3. | 1.2 | |
120–180 | 1.33 | Permanent agriculture | 2.2.1., 2.2.2., 2.4.4. | 1.4 | |
>180 | 1.00 | Permanent grasslands | 2.4.1., 3.2.1., 4.2.3. | 1.7 | |
Slope | Crops; barren | 2.1.1., 2.1.2., 2.4.2., 2.4.3. | 2.0 | ||
>35% | 2.00 | Vegetation cover | |||
18–35% | 1.67 | >40% | 1.0 | ||
6–18% | 1.33 | 10–40% | 2.1.1., 2.2.1., 2.2.2., 2.2.3., 2.4.1., 2.4.2., 2.4.3., 2.4.4., 3.2.1., 4.2.3. | 1.8 | |
<6% | 1.00 | <10% | 3.3.3., 3.3.4. | 2.0 | |
Climate Quality (CQI) | Land Management Quality (MQI) | ||||
Aridity index | Land-use intensity | Corine class | Score | ||
<0.5 | 2.0 | Olive; deciduous and conifer wood; Mediterranean maquis | 2.1.2., 2.2.1., 2.2.2., 2.4.2. | 1.00 | |
0.5–0.65 | 1.8 | Mixed woodland–farmland areas | 3.2.4., 3.3.4. | 1.33 | |
0.65–0.8 | 1.6 | Annual crops (not irrigated); permanent grassland | 2.1.1., 2.3.1., 2.4.1., 2.4.3. | 1.67 | |
0.8–1.0 | 1.4 | Permanent (and irrigated) agriculture | 2.1.2., 2.2.1., 2.2.2., 2.4.2. | 2.00 | |
1.0–1.5 | 1.2 | Population density | |||
>1.5 | 1.0 | <100 | 1.0 | ||
Annual rainfall rate | 100–200 | 1.2 | |||
<280 | 2.0 | 200–400 | 1.4 | ||
280–650 | 1.5 | 400–700 | 1.6 | ||
>650 | 1.0 | 700–1000 | 1.8 | ||
Exposition | >1000 | 2.0 | |||
−1° | 1.00 | Population growth rate | |||
225–359° | 1.00 | <20% | 1.0 | ||
0–135° | 1.00 | 20–40% | 1.5 | ||
136–224° | 2.00 | >40% | 2.0 |
Variable | 1960 | 1990 | 2020 | % Change, 1960–1990 | % Change, 1990–2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average ESAI, score | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
Percent share of land classified at different levels of soil degradation (ESAI score) | |||||
<1.2 | 0.3 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 31.9 | 0.5 |
1.2–1.3 | 38.3 | 29.0 | 28.9 | −0.8 | 0.0 |
1.3–1.4 | 38.9 | 32.8 | 29.6 | −0.5 | −0.2 |
1.4–1.5 | 19.7 | 33.0 | 30.0 | 2.3 | −0.2 |
>1.5 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 7.5 | −1.1 | 6.3 |
Statistical distribution of ESAI scores | |||||
Minimum | 1.17 | 1.13 | 1.12 | −0.13 | 0.00 |
Maximum | 1.63 | 1.61 | 1.65 | −0.07 | 0.16 |
Absolute range | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.53 |
Predisposing factors (thematic indicators of the ESAI, score) | |||||
Climate quality | 1.08 | 1.17 | 1.14 | 0.28 | −0.14 |
Vegetation quality | 1.51 | 1.53 | 1.53 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Land management | 1.36 | 1.31 | 1.34 | −0.12 | 0.12 |
Soil quality | - | 1.48 | - | - | - |
NUTS-3 provinces (ESAI score) | |||||
Viterbo | 1.34 | 1.38 | 1.37 | 0.09 | −0.02 |
Rieti | 1.30 | 1.32 | 1.29 | 0.04 | −0.10 |
Rome | 1.37 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
Latina | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.37 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
Frosinone | 1.30 | 1.31 | 1.32 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
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Maialetti, M.; Salvati, L.; Chelli, F.M. Sustainable Development, Territorial Disparities in Land Resources, and Soil Degradation: A Multi-Temporal Approach. Resources 2024, 13, 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13090125
Maialetti M, Salvati L, Chelli FM. Sustainable Development, Territorial Disparities in Land Resources, and Soil Degradation: A Multi-Temporal Approach. Resources. 2024; 13(9):125. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13090125
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaialetti, Marco, Luca Salvati, and Francesco Maria Chelli. 2024. "Sustainable Development, Territorial Disparities in Land Resources, and Soil Degradation: A Multi-Temporal Approach" Resources 13, no. 9: 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13090125