Photosensitizer-Embedded Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Non-Woven Textile
"> Figure 1
<p>Electrospinning schematic (<b>left</b>), PAN-Por<sup>(+)</sup> (<b>middle</b>), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (<b>right</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Photodynamic inactivation studies employing PAN-Por<sup>(+)</sup>. (<b>A</b>) Gram-positive species: methicillin-susceptible <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span> (MSSA) ATCC-2913 and the vancomycin-resistant <span class="html-italic">E. faecium</span> (VRE) ATCC-2320 strain. (<b>B</b>) Gram-negative species: <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> BL21-(Dε3)pLysS, <span class="html-italic">K. pneumoniae</span> ATCC-2146, and <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> ATCC-19606. For both panels, displayed are the material-free (cells-only) dark control set to 100% (black), as well as the dark control of PAN-Por<sup>(+)</sup> (maroon) and the illuminated PAN-Por<sup>(+)</sup> (red) studies, both as the percent survival of the material-free (cells-only) dark control. For all bacteria, the illumination conditions were as follows: 30 min, 400–700 nm, 65 ± 5 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> (total fluence of 118 J/cm<sup>2</sup>). As the plating technique employed to determine % survival did not allow for detection of survival rates of <0.0001%, data points below the detection limit were set to 0.0001% survival for graphing purposes and are indicated by the grey shaded area. In the cases where error bars cannot be visualized, the error bars themselves were smaller than the marker employed in the plot.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Photodynamic inactivation of <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> using 50 nM Por<sup>(+)</sup> demonstrating that this photosensitizer (PS) concentration was unable to photoinactivate the bacterium. Displayed are the dark PS-free (cells-only) control set to 100% (black), the % survival of the dark control of Por<sup>(+)</sup> as a percent of the dark PS-free control (dark grey), the illuminated PS-free control as a percent of the dark PS-free control (light grey), and the illuminated Por<sup>(+)</sup> as a percent of the dark PS-free control (red). The illumination conditions and error bar visualizations were as described in <a href="#nanomaterials-06-00077-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Antiviral photodynamic inactivation studies employing PAN-Por<sup>(+)</sup> against (<b>A</b>) human adenovirus-5 (HAd-5) and (<b>B</b>) vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The black and red bars represent the number of PFU/mL of the non-illuminated (dark) and illuminated conditions, respectively, for the material-free (control), photosensitizer-free (PAN only) control, and PAN-Por<sup>(+)</sup> studies. The illumination conditions and error bar visualizations were as described in <a href="#nanomaterials-06-00077-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Electrospinning and Characterization of PAN-Por(+) Nanofibers
2.1.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of PAN-Por(+)
2.1.2. Determination of Photosensitizer Loading in PAN-Por(+)
2.1.3. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) of PAN-Por(+)
2.2. Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation Studies
2.2.1. In vitro aPDI Studies against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
2.2.2. Solution Studies with Por(+)
2.3. Antiviral Photodynamic Inactivation Studies
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials and Methods
3.2. Electrospinning of PAN-Por(+)
3.3. Determination of Porphyrin Loading
3.4. Cell culture
3.5. Viral Propagation
3.6. Photodynamic Inactivation Assay
3.6.1. Bacteria
3.6.2. Vesicular stomatitis virus
3.6.3. Human adenovirus-5
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stanley, S.L.; Scholle, F.; Zhu, J.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Situ, X.; Ghiladi, R.A. Photosensitizer-Embedded Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Non-Woven Textile. Nanomaterials 2016, 6, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6040077
Stanley SL, Scholle F, Zhu J, Lu Y, Zhang X, Situ X, Ghiladi RA. Photosensitizer-Embedded Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Non-Woven Textile. Nanomaterials. 2016; 6(4):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6040077
Chicago/Turabian StyleStanley, Sarah L., Frank Scholle, Jiadeng Zhu, Yao Lu, Xiangwu Zhang, Xingci Situ, and Reza A. Ghiladi. 2016. "Photosensitizer-Embedded Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Non-Woven Textile" Nanomaterials 6, no. 4: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6040077