Versatile Production of Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone) Fibers by Electrospinning Using Benign Solvents
<p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) mats obtained from different PCL solutions in acetic acid (scale bar 20 μm): (<b>A</b>) 12% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span>; (<b>B</b>) 15% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span>; (<b>C</b>) 18% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span>; and (<b>D</b>) 20% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span>.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Trend of the PCL mats average fiber diameter as function of the PCL solution concentrations.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Influence of the applied voltage to the PCL solution of 20% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span> on electrospun fiber characteristics: (<b>A</b>) 10 kV; (<b>B</b>) 15 kV; and (<b>C</b>) 20 kV (scale bar 2 μm).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Representative SEM micrographs of PCL nanofibers (scale bar 2 μm): (<b>A</b>) PCL 15% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span> in acetic acid; and (<b>B</b>) PCL 15% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span> in a mixture of acetic acid and formic acid (ratio 1:1).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Light microscope image of PCL microfibers pattern (<b>A</b>). SEM micrographs of PCL microfibers pattern exhibiting large porosity at different magnifications: 100× (scale bar 100 μm) (<b>B</b>); and 200× (scale bar 100 μm) (<b>C</b>).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Light Microscope image of PCL nanofibers pattern: with the narrow pattern (magnification 4×) (<b>A</b>); and with the wide pattern (magnification 1× and in the inlet 4×, scale bar 1 mm) (<b>B</b>).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>SEM micrographs of PCL and PCL-bioactive glass (BG) composite electrospun mats before immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution (PCL d0 and PCL-BG d0 (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>)) in the first row; after one day of immersion in SBF (PCL d1 and PCL-BG d1 (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>)) in the second row; after four days of immersion in SBF (PCL d4 and PCL-BG d4 (<b>G</b>–<b>I</b>)); and after seven days of immersion in SBF (PCL d7 and PCL-BG d7 (<b>L</b>–<b>N</b>)).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of PCL-BG composite electrospun mats before immersion in SBF solution (PCL-BG d0) in the first row; after one day of immersion in SBF (PCL-BG d1) in the second row; after four days of immersion in SBF (PCL-BG d4); and after seven days of immersion in SBF (PCL-BG d7).</p> "> Figure 8 Cont.
<p>Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of PCL-BG composite electrospun mats before immersion in SBF solution (PCL-BG d0) in the first row; after one day of immersion in SBF (PCL-BG d1) in the second row; after four days of immersion in SBF (PCL-BG d4); and after seven days of immersion in SBF (PCL-BG d7).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra in the range 3000–500 cm<sup>−1</sup> for electrospun samples of neat PCL (PCL), PCL with BG particles before immersion in SBF solution (PCL-BG d0) and after one day (PCL-BG d1) and four days (PCL-BG d4) of immersion in SBF solution (the characteristic peaks are discussed in the text).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>FTIR spectra in the range 1300–500 cm<sup>−1</sup> for electrospun samples of neat PCL (PCL), PCL with BG particles before immersion in SBF solution (PCL-BG d0) and after one day (PCL-BG d1) and four days (PCL-BG d4) of immersion in SBF solution (the characteristic peaks are discussed in the text).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Digital images of electrospun fiber mats without (PCL20) and with BG particles (PCL-BG) before the mechanical testing.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Influence of Solution Parameters
2.2. Influence of the Applied Voltage
2.3. Optimization of Solvent Mixture for Obtaining Nanofibers
2.4. Macroporosities in Electrospun Fiber Mats
2.5. Composite Electrospun Fibers
2.6. ATR-FTIR Analysis
2.7. Mechanical Properties
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Synthesis
3.2. Electrospinning Process
3.3. Characterization
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Fiber Average Diameter | Minimum Fiber Diameter | Maximum Fiber Diameter |
---|---|---|---|
PCL12_AA_15 * | 0.12 ± 0.03 μm | 0.09 μm | 0.2 μm |
PCL15_AA_15 * | 0.18 ± 0.02 μm | 0.1 μm | 0.2 μm |
PCL18_AA_15 | 1.0 ± 0.6 μm | 0.3 μm | 3.6 μm |
PCL20_AA_15 | 1.0 ± 0.1 μm | 0.7 μm | 1.2 μm |
Sample Name | Average Fiber Diameter (μm) | Young’s Modulus (Mpa) | UTS (Mpa) | Tensile Strain (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCL20_AA_15 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 12 ± 5 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 83 ± 10 |
PCL15_AAFA | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 11.0 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 0.9 | 115 ± 2 |
PCL-BG | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 90 ± 18 |
Sample Name | Solution Concentration (% w/v) | Solvent(s) | kV | Distance Tip-Target (cm) | Needle Diameter (G) | Flow Rate (mL/h) | T (°C) | Relative Humidity (RH) (%) | SEM Micrograph |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCL12 | 12 | AA | 15 | 11 | 23 | 0.4 | 23.6 | 42 | Figure 1A |
PCL15_AA | 15 | AA | 15 | 11 | 23 | 0.4 | 23.5 | 43 | Figure 1B and Figure 4A |
PCL15_AAFA | 15 | AA/FA | 20 | 11 | 23 | 1.3 | 23.6 | 43 | Figure 4B |
PCL18 | 18 | AA | 15 | 15 | 23 | 0.4 | 23.5 | 49 | Figure 1C |
PCL20_10 | 20 | AA | 10 | 11 | 23 | 0.4 | 29.0 | 45 | Figure 3A |
PCL20_15 | 20 | AA | 15 | 11 | 23 | 0.4 | 28.0 | 48 | Figure 1D and Figure 3B |
PCL20_20 | 20 | AA | 20 | 11 | 23 | 0.4 | 23.5 | 28 | Figure 3C |
PCL-BG | 20 | AA | 15 | 11 | 21 | 0.8 | 23.6 | 49 | Figure 7A,B,C |
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Liverani, L.; Boccaccini, A.R. Versatile Production of Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone) Fibers by Electrospinning Using Benign Solvents. Nanomaterials 2016, 6, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6040075
Liverani L, Boccaccini AR. Versatile Production of Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone) Fibers by Electrospinning Using Benign Solvents. Nanomaterials. 2016; 6(4):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6040075
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiverani, Liliana, and Aldo R. Boccaccini. 2016. "Versatile Production of Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone) Fibers by Electrospinning Using Benign Solvents" Nanomaterials 6, no. 4: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6040075