Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana
"> Figure 1
<p>Study of life history traits of Arabidopsis plants irrigated with ddH<sub>2</sub>O or with AgNPs. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Morphology of Arabidopsis rosette leaves growing in potted soil. (<b>A</b>) Control plants irrigated with ddH<sub>2</sub>O; (<b>B</b>) treated plants with 75 μg/L of 20 nm AgNPs. (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>) were at S3.50. (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>) showed no distinct and visual differences. (<b>C</b>) Growth of aboveground vegetative parts of control and AgNP-treated within 42 days after planting (DAP). (<b>D</b>) Chronological progression of control, AgNPs-treated (both 75 and 300 μg/L) and AgNO<sub>3</sub>-treated (4.25 and 17 μg/L) plants from sowing to S6.90.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Reproductive nanotoxicity of AgNP and AgNO<sub>3</sub> in Arabidopsis. This showed 20 nm AgNPs affected seed germination; it also showed stronger toxicity of AgNPs than that of AgNO<sub>3</sub> on germination in E1 generation. Different letters indicate significantly different.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Transport of AgNPs in Arabidopsis ER::GFP plants. Seedlings of 14 (<b>B</b>,<b>E</b>) and 17 (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>) days after planting (DAP) were examined under a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope. (<b>A,C</b>) came from root sections of maturation region; (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) came from cotyledon. (<b>A</b>) and (<b>D</b>) are control; (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) and (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) are AgNPs-treated. Green color was intrinsic GFP; red color was Ag<sup>0</sup> light scattering. At 14 DAP, AgNPs accumulated mainly in root hair cells and surface of roots (<b>B</b>). By 17 DAP, AgNPs already entered vascular tissue, both phloem (white arrowhead) and xylem (black arrowhead), of the roots and could be bulk transported through vascular tissue. Upon germination, some condensed media might have touched cotyledons. At 14 DAP, AgNPs could be observed in the pores of stomata (yellow arrows in <b>E</b>). By 17 DAP, not only the pores of stomata but also the stomata themselves (yellow arrows in <b>F</b>) showed AgNP accumulation. The uneven surface of pavement cells [<a href="#B56-nanomaterials-04-00301" class="html-bibr">56</a>] showed AgNP accumulated on the grooves (white arrowhead) between pavement cells (orange arrow). Scale bar = 0.2 μm.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Measurements of silver contents in plant tissues and soil matter. (<b>A</b>) Silver accumulation in aboveground parts (shoots) and belowground parts (roots) at the growth stages of S6.0 and S9.0. (<b>B</b>) Silver accumulation in AgNP exposed soil after plants were harvested at S6.0 and S9.0 in terms of μg per g of dry weight of soil sediment with μg of AgNP relative to the fraction of organic and inorganic matter. The presence of AgNPs in control samples might have been due to human errors, <span class="html-italic">i.e.</span>, misirrigation of AgNP suspension instead of ddH<sub>2</sub>O. See the Materials and Methods for the definition of dry weight, organic and inorganic matter. Different letters indicate significantly different soil or tissue concentrations (<span class="html-italic">t</span>-tests, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05). Abbreviations: dw, dry weight; inorg, inorganic; org, organic; original soil, potting soil from Fafard<sup>R</sup> 4M Mix.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Inorganic nitrogen nutrients in soil. Inorganic nitrate/nitrite contents of soil were measured after plant tissues were harvested at S6.0 and S9.0. At S6.0, there was no significant difference between control and treated soil. However by S9.0, more nitrate/nitrite remained in the AgNP-treated soil than control soil.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Seeds and Germination in Soil
2.3. Life History Trait Study
2.4. Germination Assay
2.5. Determination of Silver Content in Soil and Plant Tissue—Sample Preparation
2.6. Determination of Silver Content in Soil and Plant Tissue—Quality Assurance/Quality Control
2.7. Soil Nutrient Analysis
2.8. Seeds and Seed Germination in Gel Media
2.9. Detection of Silver in Plant Tissues by Confocal Microscopy
2.10. Detection of Silver Element on Surface of Roots by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
2.11. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chronic Exposure Resulted in Prolonged Vegetative and Shortened Reproductive Growth
3.2. Reproductive Toxicity
3.3. Transport of Ag from Root to Shoot
3.4. Silver Accumulation in Plant Tissues and Remainder in Soil
3.5. Consumption of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen Nutrient
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Silver Nanoparticles Are a Newly Man-Made Abiotic Stressor that Alters the Plant Life Cycle and Subsequent Generations
4.2. Accumulation and Long-Distance Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Arabidopsis Plants
4.3. Stem Cells and Silver Nanotoxicity
4.4. AgNPs May Affect Arabidopsis Plants’ Nutrient Uptake from Soil
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Geisler-Lee, J.; Brooks, M.; Gerfen, J.R.; Wang, Q.; Fotis, C.; Sparer, A.; Ma, X.; Berg, R.H.; Geisler, M. Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nanomaterials 2014, 4, 301-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano4020301
Geisler-Lee J, Brooks M, Gerfen JR, Wang Q, Fotis C, Sparer A, Ma X, Berg RH, Geisler M. Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nanomaterials. 2014; 4(2):301-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano4020301
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeisler-Lee, Jane, Marjorie Brooks, Jacob R. Gerfen, Qiang Wang, Christin Fotis, Anthony Sparer, Xingmao Ma, R. Howard Berg, and Matt Geisler. 2014. "Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana" Nanomaterials 4, no. 2: 301-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano4020301