Recent Evolution (1956–2017) of Rodas Beach on the Cíes Islands, Galicia, NW Spain
"> Figure 1
<p>Map of the study location. The red dots represent SIMAR model location points, and the orange dot represents the Vigo-2 mareograph location. The pictures show different island zones: (<b>a</b>) Rodas beach from the north, (<b>b</b>) Rodas beach from the central zone, (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>) dune vegetation and lagoon, (<b>e</b>) Rodas dock and (<b>f</b>) dike between Monteagudo and Faro islands.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Wave data from Cíes Islands. (<b>a</b>) Cíes 1 is SIMAR point 3014007, which is localized in the north of the islands, and (<b>b</b>) Cíes 2 is SIMAR point 1044069, which is localized in the west of the archipelago. (<b>c</b>) Sea level data correspond to the Vigo-2 mareograph. Data were taken from Puertos del Estado (2018).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Example of manual shoreline definition on a 2017 orthophotograph.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Flowchart with DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) and GCD (Geomorphic Change Detection) methodology and data used in this study.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>GCD analysis example in a small Rodas sector. From left to right: Digital surface model (DSM) from 2010, DSM from 2015, and difference of digital elevation models (DEM) (DoD) between the two dates.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Shoreline variation for all periods. The thin lines in the sand represent the shoreline position on each date. The change is represented parallel to the coastline in the sea and the variation is represented in m/year by the end point rate (EPR) for 1956–1981 and 2008–2010 and by LRR for the periods of 1956–2017, 1981–2017, and 2010–2017.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>GCD Analysis: The right part represents the study zone (red polygon) in the orthophotograph. The left side represents the elevation variations in the sector.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Material and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Period 1956–2017
4.2. Period 1956–1981
4.3. Period 1981–2017
4.4. Period 2008–2010
4.5. Period 2010–2017
4.6. GCD Analysis 2010–2015
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- Aerial orthophotographs are very useful for this type of study because of the high level of detail that they provide, which improves the traditional estimates of changes in the littoral zone.
- New technologies can improve the results by providing better spatial and temporal resolution. In relation to this statement, it could be interesting to analyze Rodas beach with a greater temporal resolution to determine the sedimentary behavior in full detail.
- The coastline clearly retreated between 1956 and 2017. The most important erosive events occurred between 1956 and 1981.
- Since 2010, severe erosion has occurred in the system, especially in the north sector, which is the closest to the dock (enlargement in this period) and the opening of the winter inlet.
- The major storm periods in recent years have been linked to positive values of the NAO index. This relation can be used to better understand the recent dynamics in Rodas.
- The volumetric analysis showed that the north zone, in proximity to the ephemeral inlet, experienced an elevation between 2010 and 2015. This was related to the winter conditions and the possibility of system recovery.
- Anthropogenic activities, such as changes in infrastructure to cope with greater numbers of tourists, or extracting activities, can modify the existing dynamics in this coastal system, with subsequent loss of sediment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date | Scale | Image type |
---|---|---|
1956 | 1/32,000 | Aerial photography |
1981 | 1/30,000 | Aerial photography |
1989 | 1/5000 | Aerial photography |
2004 | 1/30,000 | Orthophotography |
2008 | 1/30,000 | Orthophotography |
2010 | 1/20,000 | Orthophotography |
2014 | 1/20,000 | Orthophotography |
2017 | 1/20,000 | Orthophotography |
Variable | Total Area | North Sector | Central Sector | South Sector |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean LRR (meters/year) | −0.40 ± 0.35 | −0.43 ± 0.38 | −0.40 ± 0.24 | −0.37 ± 0.42 |
Median LRR (meters/year) | −0.41 ± 0.32 | −0.44 ± 0.37 | −0.39 ± 0.26 | −0.39 ± 0.33 |
Mean NSM (meters) | −33.24 | −36.97 | −30.89 | −31.72 |
Median NSM (meters) | −32.35 | −39.19 | −29.85 | −34.18 |
Variable | Total Area | North Sector | Central Sector | South Sector |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean EPR (meters/year) | −1.23 ± 0.23 | −1.48 ± 0.23 | −1.01 ± 0.23 | −1.28 ± 0.23 |
Median EPR (meters/year) | −1.24 ± 0.23 | −1.47 ± 0.23 | −1.02 ± 0.23 | −1.24 ± 0.23 |
Mean NSM (meters) | −30.53 | −36.82 | −24.99 | −31.78 |
Median NSM (meters) | −30.82 | −36.53 | −25.36 | −30.90 |
Variable | Total Area | North Sector | Central Sector | South Sector |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean LRR (meters/year) | 0.07 ± 0.46 | 0.12 ± 0.57 | −0.10 ± 0.31 | 0.15 ± 0.50 |
Median LRR (meters/year) | 0.02 ± 0.45 | 0.07 ± 0.56 | −0.10 ± 0.31 | 0.18 ± 0.45 |
Mean NSM (meters) | −2.03 | −0.76 | −5.90 | 0.13 |
Median NSM (meters) | −3.23 | −2.83 | −6.26 | 2.59 |
Variable | Total Area | North Sector | Central Sector | South Sector |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean EPR (meters/year) | −0.26 ± 0.77 | 0.34 ± 0.77 | 0.61 ± 0.77 | −1.61 ± 0.77 |
Median EPR (meters/year) | 0.14 ± 0.77 | 0.11 ± 0.77 | 0.81 ± 0.77 | −1.4 ± 0.77 |
Mean NSM (meters) | −0.47 | 0.62 | 1.12 | −2.95 |
Median NSM (meters) | 0.26 | 0.20 | 1.48 | −2.57 |
Variable | Total Area | North Sector | Central Sector | South Sector |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean LRR (meters/year) | −1.39 ± 0.71 | −1.99 ± 0.82 | −1.24 ± 0.80 | −0.94 ± 0.52 |
Median LRR (meters/year) | −1.32 ± 0.85 | −2.23 ± 0.91 | −1.33 ± 0.87 | −0.83 ± 0.54 |
Mean NSM (meters) | −9.67 | −14.14 | −8.70 | −6.25 |
Median NSM (meters) | −9.26 | −15.79 | −9.40 | −5.40 |
Attribute | LoD = 0.0 m | LoD = 0.2 m |
---|---|---|
Lowering area (m2) | 40,723 | 4963 |
Raising area (m2) | 46,242 | 15,388 |
Area with detectable change | NA | 23.4% |
Lowering volume (m3) | 4031.51 | 1600.70 ± 992.60 |
Raising volume (m3) | 10,343.24 | 8195.20 ± 3077.60 |
Net volume difference (m3) | 6311.73 | 6594.50 ± 3233.71 |
Percent elevation lowering | 28.05 | 16.34 |
Percent elevation raising | 71.95 | 83.66 |
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Gómez-Pazo, A.; Pérez-Alberti, A.; Otero Pérez, X.L. Recent Evolution (1956–2017) of Rodas Beach on the Cíes Islands, Galicia, NW Spain. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050125
Gómez-Pazo A, Pérez-Alberti A, Otero Pérez XL. Recent Evolution (1956–2017) of Rodas Beach on the Cíes Islands, Galicia, NW Spain. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7(5):125. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050125
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez-Pazo, Alejandro, Augusto Pérez-Alberti, and Xose Lois Otero Pérez. 2019. "Recent Evolution (1956–2017) of Rodas Beach on the Cíes Islands, Galicia, NW Spain" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 5: 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050125