Comparison of Skull Morphometric Characteristics of Simmental and Holstein Cattle Breeds
<p>Dorsal view of the cattle skull. P1–P10: Total Length (TL): Acrocranion-Prosthion; P1–P17: Condylobasal Length (CBL): Aboral Border of the Occipital Condyles-prosthion; P7–P10: Median Frontal Length (MFL): Acrocranion-Nasion; P3–P7: Greatest Length of The Nasals (GLN): Nasion-Rhinion; P1–P8: Lateral Facial Length (LFL): Ectorbitale-Prosthion; P9–P9’: Least Frontal Breadth (LFB): Breadth of The Narrowest Part of The Frontal Aboral of The Orbits; P8–P8’: Greatest Breadth of the Skull (GBS): Ectorbitale-Ectorbitale; P6–P6’: Least Breadth Between The Orbits (LBO): entorbitale-Entorbitale; P5–P5’: Facial Breadth (FB): Across The Facial Tuberosities; P2–P2’: Breadth Across The Premaxillae on The Oral Protuberances (BPOP). The explanation for numbers for <a href="#animals-14-02085-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>: P1—Prosthion—Fissure Interincisivum; P2—Most Lateral Margin of Incisive Body; P3—Rostral End of Nasal Bones; P4—Nasolacrimal Fissure; P5—Facial Tuberosity; P6—Most Medial Margin of Orbits; P7—Midpoint of Nasofrontal Suture; P8—Most Caudolateral Margin of Orbits; P9—Most Medial Point of The Temporal Line; P10—Intercornual Protuberance.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Lateral view of the cattle skull. P1–P4: Lateral Length of The Premaxilla (LLP): Nasointermaxillare-Prosthion; P6–P8: Greatest Inner Length of The Orbit (GILO): Ectorbitale-Entorbitale; P11–P12: Greatest Inner Height of The Orbit (GIHO). The explanation for numbers for <a href="#animals-14-02085-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>: P1—rostral margin of incisive bone; P3—rostral end of the nasal bone; P4—nasolacrimal fissure; P5—facial tuberosity; P6—most medial margin of the orbit; P8—most caudal margin of the orbit; P10—intercornual protuberance; P11—most ventral margin of orbits; P12—most dorsal margin of orbits.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Caudal view of the cattle skull. P22–P22’: Greatest Mastoid Breadth (GMB): Otion-Otion; P20–P20’: Greatest Breadth of The Occipital Condyles (GBOC); P21–P21’: Greatest Breadth at The Bases of The Paraoccipital Processes (GBPP); P19–P19’: Greatest Breadth of The Foramen Magnum (GBFM); P16–P18: Height of The Foramen Magnum (HFM): Basion-Opisthion; P23–P23’: Least Occipital Breadth (LOB): Distance Between The Most Medial Points of The Caudal Borders of The Temporal Grooves; P10–P16: Greatest Height of The Occipital Region (GHOR): Basion-Highest Point of The Intercornual Protuberance; P10–P18: Least Height of The Occipital Region (LHOR): Opisthion-Highest Point of The Intercornual Protuberance. The explanation for numbers for <a href="#animals-14-02085-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>: P10—nuchal crest; P16—dorsal magin of the foramen magnum (Basion); P18—dorsal margin of foramen magnum (Opisthion); P19—latral margin of foramen magnum; P20—most lateral base of occipital condyle; P21—most lateral base of paracondylar process; P22—external acoustic meatus; P23—caudal border of temporal fossa.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Ventral view of the cattle skull. P13–P16: Short Skull Length (SSL): Basion-Premolare; P1–P13: Premolare-Prosthion (PP); P1–P15: Dental Length (DL): Postdentale-Prosthion; P14–P14’: Greatest Palatal Breadth (GPB): Measured Across the Outer Borders of The Alveoli. The explanation for numbers for <a href="#animals-14-02085-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>: P1—Prosthion; P13—midpoint of the interpalatine suture at the first premolar level; P14—lateral margin of the third molar; P15—most caudal point of the interpalatine suture; P16—Basion; P17—ventromedial margin of occipital condyle.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Principal component analysis scatter plot for skulls. Holstein: blue; Simmental: red.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Loading plot of linear morphometric characteristics for linear measurements with the largest contributions to each dimension of the PC2 observed in skulls.</p> ">
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Modeling
2.3. Morphometric Analysis
2.4. Statically Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Variance
3.2. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measurement | Holstein | Simmental | Minimum | Maksimum | F Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
TL | 490.59 ± 28.08 | 485.97 ± 24.3 | 427 | 553.7 | 0.4208 | 0.5194 |
CBL | 475.62 ± 25.06 | 467.39 ± 19.31 | 412.8 | 520.4 | 1.8537 | 0.1792 |
BL | 445.22 ± 24.43 | 435.07 ± 20.34 | 382.2 | 490.6 | 2.778 | 0.1016 |
SSL | 315.96 ± 17.59 | 303.53 ± 14.84 | 268.5 | 346.5 | 7.9235 | 0.0069 |
PP | 129.08 ± 9.60 | 131.46 ± 8.84 | 101.1 | 152.6 | 0.8916 | 0.3494 |
VCL | 267.62 ± 17.58 | 263.03 ± 17.27 | 221.4 | 303.4 | 0.9336 | 0.3384 |
MFL | 223.21 ± 15.93 | 226.51 ± 13.82 | 187.8 | 261.4 | 0.6627 | 0.4193 |
GLN | 172.08 ± 14.60 | 163.22 ± 17.13 | 130.1 | 198.1 | 4.1133 | 0.0477 |
LFL | 332.52 ± 29.40 * | 335.46 ± 15.56 | 216.6 | 370.6 | 0.2185 | 0.6421 |
DL | 265.51 ± 14.60 | 260.04 ± 12.51 | 231.3 | 295.5 | 2.1946 | 0.1445 |
LLP | 150.27 ± 17.70 | 146.84 ± 10.61 | 112.1 | 175.3 | 0.77 | 0.3842 |
GILO | 70.17 ± 4.53 | 72.82 ± 5.20 * | 59.4 | 78.86 | 3.9193 | 0.05304 |
GIHO | 68.84 ± 5.13 | 67.50 ± 4.78 | 58.24 | 80.2 | 0.9968 | 0.3227 |
GMB | 210.98 ± 16.95 | 212.20 ± 15.28 | 178.3 | 256 | 0.07782 | 0.7814 |
GBOC | 109.71 ± 7.31 | 112.78 ± 7.54 | 94.85 | 128 | 2.1978 | 0.1442 |
GBPP | 156.64 ± 11.66 | 159.59 ± 11.01 | 130.4 | 179.3 | 0.9101 | 0.3445 |
GBFM | 40.10 ± 4.48 * | 40.41 ± 5.85 | 28.13 | 52.68 | 0.05247 | 0.8197 |
HFM | 39.35 ± 3.18 * | 38.98 ± 4.35 | 29.4 | 47.25 | 0.1246 | 0.7255 |
LOB | 137.42 ± 12.20 | 146.60 ± 16.28 | 111.1 | 178.2 | 5.356 | 0.0246 |
LFB | 164.52 ± 10.08 | 175.74 ± 15.64 | 142.9 | 201 | 9.4663 | 0.0033 |
GBS | 213.96 ± 15.09 | 218.02 ± 15.44 | 182.8 | 249.9 | 0.9498 | 0.3343 |
LBO | 166.44 ± 13.47 | 169.60 ± 13.50 | 138.8 | 206 | 0.7368 | 0.3946 |
FB | 160.56 ± 11.49 | 153.71 ± 10.45 | 129.4 | 195.4 | 5.2528 | 0.0259 |
BPOP | 82.49 ± 9.19 * | 83.79 ± 4.92 | 47.17 | 94.86 | 0.4415 | 0.5093 |
GPB | 138.97 ± 8.45 | 135.26 ± 7.51 | 116.7 | 164.1 | 2.9181 | 0.0935 |
GHOR | 158.63 ± 9.32 | 157.64 ± 12.45 | 132.6 | 179.9 | 0.1065 | 0.7455 |
LHOR | 122.16 ± 9.60 | 122.02 ± 10.75 | 103.8 | 140.9 | 0.002455 | 0.9607 |
Measurement | Holstein | Simmental | F Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
Skull index | 43.64 ± 2.45 | 44.87 ± 2.43 | 3.3919 | 0.07122 |
Facial index | 60.09 ± 3.67 | 58.62 ± 4.85 | 1.5412 | 0.2200 |
Frontal index | 96.03 ± 5.93 | 96.40 ± 6.43 | 0.0467 | 0.8298 |
Basal index | 48.09 ± 2.78 | 50.13 ± 3.01 | 6.6093 | 0.0131 |
Length-length index | 83.56 ± 6.06 | 86.38 ± 7.69 | 2.1873 | 0.1452 |
Palatal index | 52.37 ± 2.07 | 52.06 ± 2.74 | 0.2063 | 0.6516 |
Orbital index | 98.27 ± 6.80 | 92.86 ± 5.46 | 10.5238 | 0.0020 |
Foramen magnum index | 99.32 ± 13.58 | 98.21 ± 16.83 | 0.06908 | 0.7937 |
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Çakar, B.; Tandir, F.; Güzel, B.C.; Bakıcı, C.; Ünal, B.; Duro, S.; Szara, T.; Spataru, C.; Spataru, M.-C.; Gündemir, O. Comparison of Skull Morphometric Characteristics of Simmental and Holstein Cattle Breeds. Animals 2024, 14, 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142085
Çakar B, Tandir F, Güzel BC, Bakıcı C, Ünal B, Duro S, Szara T, Spataru C, Spataru M-C, Gündemir O. Comparison of Skull Morphometric Characteristics of Simmental and Holstein Cattle Breeds. Animals. 2024; 14(14):2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142085
Chicago/Turabian StyleÇakar, Buket, Faruk Tandir, Barış Can Güzel, Caner Bakıcı, Burak Ünal, Sokol Duro, Tomaz Szara, Constantin Spataru, Mihaela-Claudia Spataru, and Ozan Gündemir. 2024. "Comparison of Skull Morphometric Characteristics of Simmental and Holstein Cattle Breeds" Animals 14, no. 14: 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142085