Enhancement of Uniform Elongation by Temperature Change during Tensile Deformation in a 0.2C TRIP Steel
<p>Schematic illustrations about test A (<b>a</b>) and B (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>EBSD phase mapping image (<b>a</b>) and orientation color map (<b>b</b>) in the 0.2C TRIP steel.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Nominal stress–nominal strain curves of the 0.2C TRIP steel obtained by tensile tests at various deformation temperatures.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>0.2% proof strength, tensile strength, and uniform elongation as a function of temperature in the 0.2C TRIP steel.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>True stress (<span class="html-italic">σ</span>) and work-hardening rate (<span class="html-italic">dσ</span>/<span class="html-italic">dε</span>) as a function of true strain at various deformation temperatures.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Nominal stress–nominal strain curves obtained by test A. Here, the nominal stress–nominal strain curve at 296 K is also shown as a dashed line.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Tensile strength and uniform elongation as a function of deformation temperature obtained by test A and the tensile tests. Here, the temperature of test A means the reloading temperature after tensile deformation at 373 K.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Volume fraction of deformation-induced martensite as a function of true strain obtained by the tensile tests at various deformation temperatures (<b>a</b>) and test A (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Nominal stress–nominal strain curves obtained by test B and the tensile test at 296 K.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Deformation temperature (<b>a</b>) and true stress (<span class="html-italic">σ</span>) or work-hardening rate (<span class="html-italic">dσ</span>/<span class="html-italic">dε</span>) (<b>b</b>) as functions of true strain obtained by test B and the tensile test at 296 K.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Volume fraction of deformation-induced martensite (<b>a</b>) and transformation rate by using Equation (4) (<b>b</b>) as a function of true strain obtained by test B and the tensile test at 296 K [<a href="#B7-metals-11-02053" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Residual phase strains of austenite (<span class="html-italic">γ</span>), ferrite (<span class="html-italic">α</span>), and deformation-induced martensite (<span class="html-italic">α′</span>) phases as functions of true strain obtained by test B and the tensile test at 296 K [<a href="#B7-metals-11-02053" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Phase strains of austenite (<span class="html-italic">γ</span>), ferrite (<span class="html-italic">α</span>), and deformation-induced martensite (<span class="html-italic">α′</span>) phases as functions of true strain obtained by <span class="html-italic">in situ</span> neutron diffraction experiments during tensile deformation at 296 K (<b>a</b>) [<a href="#B7-metals-11-02053" class="html-bibr">7</a>], 245 K (<b>b</b>), 188 K (<b>c</b>), and 128 K (<b>d</b>).</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Volume fraction of deformation-induced martensite as a function of true strain obtained by <span class="html-italic">in situ</span> neutron diffraction experiments during tensile deformation at 296 K [<a href="#B7-metals-11-02053" class="html-bibr">7</a>], 245 K, 188 K, and 128 K. Here, the dashed lines are calculated by using Equation (4).</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Calculated fraction-weighted phase stresses for ferrite phase (<b>a</b>) and deformation-induced martensite one (<b>b</b>) as a function of true strain in test B, the tensile tests at 296 K and 128 K.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Temperature on Tensile Properties in a 0.2C TRIP Steel
3.2. Mechanical Properties Obtained from Test A
3.3. Enhancement of Uniform Elongation in Test B
4. Conclusions
- In the tensile tests, in which the test specimens were reloaded at lower temperatures after being unloaded once, the improvement of U.El was about 5% and almost independent of the reloading temperature. This is because a large amount of γR was transformed into α′ just after the reloading at lower temperatures.
- On the other hand, when the deformation temperature was decreased continuously during the tensile deformation, a very large U.El of 51% was obtained. This value was about 1.5 times larger than that obtained in the tensile test at room temperature.
- In terms of the DIMT behavior in the temperature change test, Vα′ was smaller in the early stage of deformation and larger after ε of 0.25 compared with that in the tensile test at 296 K. Almost all of γR was transformed into α′ at the maximum load point. The transformation rate gradually increased and the maximum transformation rate of about 0.4 was indicated at ε of about 0.2.
- The neutron diffraction experiments in the temperature change test revealed that not only the DIMT behavior but also the deformation behavior of γ, α, and α′ are important factors in the TRIP effect. The α phase contributed to maintain high strength, instead of α′ at a larger ε in addition to the DIMT behavior, and played an important role in the enhancement of U.El.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature (K) | (a) Tensile Test | (b) Test A | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
k | q | k | q | |
123 | 6.42 × 104 | 2.132 | 3.14 × 108 | 9.54 |
173 | – | – | 2.90 × 1010 | 12.2 |
243 | 2.61 × 105 | 3.495 | – | – |
273 | 197.2 | 1.091 | 2.89 × 106 | 6.83 |
296 | 17.87 | 0.740 | 30.12 | 1.195 |
323 | 80.97 | 1.291 | – | – |
373 | 56.32 | 1.328 | 56.32 | 1.328 |
473 | 32.17 | 1.154 | – | – |
Condition | k | q | |
---|---|---|---|
Tensile test | 296 K | 77.9 | 1.26 |
245 K | 425.9 | 1.31 | |
188 K | 120.1 | 0.884 | |
128 K | 15,407 | 1.88 | |
Test B | 2493.4 | 3.1 |
Stress | (a) Test B | (b) Tensile Test at 296 K |
---|---|---|
Vα σα | 895 | 687 |
Vγ σγ | 0 | 55 |
Vα′ σα′ | 265 | 155 |
Calculated σ by Equation (5) | 1160 | 897 |
Measured σ | 1182 | 960 |
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Tsuchida, N.; Harjo, S. Enhancement of Uniform Elongation by Temperature Change during Tensile Deformation in a 0.2C TRIP Steel. Metals 2021, 11, 2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11122053
Tsuchida N, Harjo S. Enhancement of Uniform Elongation by Temperature Change during Tensile Deformation in a 0.2C TRIP Steel. Metals. 2021; 11(12):2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11122053
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsuchida, Noriyuki, and Stefanus Harjo. 2021. "Enhancement of Uniform Elongation by Temperature Change during Tensile Deformation in a 0.2C TRIP Steel" Metals 11, no. 12: 2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11122053