Semiactive Car-Seat System for Rear-End Collisions
<p>Semiactive whiplash mitigation system architecture, including labelled data flow through the interface between MATLAB SIMULINK and VISUAL NASTRAN. Grey and green colored curved boxes represent System Controllers, blue colored curved box represents MR damper controller. Effective mass adaptation is highlighted with pink colored curved box in the System Controller block.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Mechanical properties of (<b>a</b>) Recliner and (<b>b</b>) Kelvin element in the passive anti-whiplash car seat.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Sketch of the Modified Bouc-Wen MR damper model.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Control flow chart for the Adaptive Kinematics Profile Controller.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Block diagram for the system sub-controller with effective mass.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Block diagram for the damper controller.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The crash pulses applied in the simulations. The name of the crash pulse is given on the upper right-hand side, whereas the corresponding crash pulse number is given on the lower right-hand side of the sub-plots.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Cumulative performance of the semiactive and passive seats against all of the crash pulses considered (pulse #1 to pulse #23) based on the EuroNCAP whiplash assessment criteria. Results are presented as percentages of the capping limit of the corresponding criterion stated in <a href="#machines-12-00530-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a>. Median performance of the seats for each criterion is sketched with a vertical thick line inside the rectangular boxes. Left and right edges of these boxes represent the lower and upper quartiles respectively. Endpoints of the dotted lines correspond to the lowest and highest values obtained for all crash pulses.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Upper neck shear force for the crash pulse SN16.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Upper neck shear force for the crash pulse TR24.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Velocity profiles after crash pulse SN16 is applied on the car floor.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Velocity profiles after crash pulse TR24 is applied on the car floor.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Control voltage (<span class="html-italic">u</span>), actual voltage <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and the applied actual force after crash pulse SN16 is applied on the car floor.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Control voltage (<span class="html-italic">u</span>), actual voltage <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and the applied actual force after crash pulse TR24 is applied on the car floor.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>The motion of the semiactive seat and occupant for the crash pulse TR24.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>The motion of the passive seat and occupant for the crash pulse TR24.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Human Body Model
3. Seat Model
3.1. Passive Anti-Whiplash Seat Model
3.2. Proposed Semiactive Seat Integrated with MR Damper
4. Controller Design
4.1. System Controllers
4.1.1. Adaptive Kinematics Profile Controller
4.1.2. System Sub-Controller with Effective Mass Estimation
4.2. MR Damper Controller
5. Simulation Methods and Assessment Criteria
5.1. Applied Crash Pulses in the Simulations
5.2. Performance Assessment Criteria
6. Results and Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Pulse # | Pulse Type | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | SN9 | 4.72 | 11.70 | 9 |
2 | TR16 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 16 |
3 | SN13 | 5.97 | 11.20 | 13 |
4 | EPBM16 | 6.08 | 15.56 | 16 |
5 | BMLH16 | 6.41 | 10.00 | 16 |
6 | BMHL16 | 6.42 | 10.00 | 16 |
7 | WPM16 | 6.54 | 10.92 | 16 |
8 | HPLL16 | 6.99 | 17.90 | 16 |
9 | TALH16 | 7.23 | 10.00 | 16 |
10 | SN16 | 7.30 | 10.00 | 16 |
11 | ISOSC16 | 7.41 | 10.00 | 16 |
12 | TR24 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 24 |
13 | SN20 | 7.69 | 10.63 | 20 |
14 | ISOSC24 | 7.85 | 11.84 | 24 |
15 | BMLH24 | 9.32 | 17.50 | 24 |
16 | BMLHE24 | 9.61 | 15.00 | 24 |
17 | BMHLE24 | 9.63 | 15.00 | 24 |
18 | WPM24 | 9.74 | 14.43 | 24 |
19 | TBS24 | 10.54 | 17.23 | 24 |
20 | RLT24 | 10.85 | 15.00 | 24 |
21 | SN24 | 10.95 | 15.00 | 24 |
22 | ISOSCE24 | 11.11 | 15.00 | 24 |
23 | BMHL24 | 11.25 | 19.94 | 24 |
Pulse | NIC | T1a | HrCt | NDI(−) | NDI(+) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1s | 9.21 | 0.12 | 1.36 | 18 | 58 | 127 | 6.41 | 150 | 5.21 | 6.38 | 61 | 0.31 | 1.81 |
1p | 8.14 | 0.11 | 1.35 | 16 | 49 | 110 | 6.57 | 143 | 5.20 | 6.21 | 62 | 0.32 | 1.58 |
2s | 7.45 | 0.14 | 1.39 | 28 | 75 | 210 | 5.61 | 155 | 3.80 | 8.70 | 58 | 0.37 | 0.92 |
2p | 8.19 | 0.29 | 1.28 | 28 | 109 | 131 | 9.09 | 159 | 3.65 | 7.11 | 59 | 0.42 | 1.13 |
3s | 8.28 | 0.11 | 1.56 | 29 | 49 | 136 | 7.73 | 148 | 4.72 | 7.96 | 46 | 0.67 | 1.89 |
3p | 8.89 | 0.26 | 1.23 | 32 | 98 | 112 | 8.56 | 161 | 4.17 | 7.44 | 47 | 0.63 | 2.18 |
4s | 6.75 | 0.15 | 1.30 | 29 | 51 | 160 | 9.56 | 185 | 6.94 | 8.51 | 49 | 0.93 | 1.65 |
4p | 9.76 | 0.20 | 1.27 | 21 | 95 | 153 | 6.95 | 152 | 4.24 | 8.16 | 50 | 0.59 | 1.53 |
5s | 8.48 | 0.14 | 1.33 | 24 | 60 | 122 | 9.80 | 186 | 6.58 | 8.27 | 66 | 0.66 | 1.14 |
5p | 9.65 | 0.17 | 1.25 | 10 | 86 | 177 | 7.95 | 137 | 5.16 | 6.62 | 67 | 0.31 | 0.68 |
6s | 11.55 | 0.14 | 1.30 | 41 | 46 | 190 | 8.60 | 177 | 7.27 | 8.33 | 50 | 1.10 | 1.67 |
6p | 11.70 | 0.26 | 1.28 | 27 | 107 | 176 | 7.95 | 163 | 5.39 | 7.82 | 51 | 1.04 | 1.63 |
7s | 9.50 | 0.14 | 1.27 | 12 | 45 | 149 | 8.96 | 177 | 7.80 | 8.54 | 69 | 0.79 | 0.77 |
7p | 10.90 | 0.31 | 1.28 | 42 | 119 | 191 | 13.10 | 171 | 7.28 | 8.21 | 71 | 0.63 | 0.75 |
8s | 9.06 | 0.16 | 1.32 | 29 | 49 | 150 | 10.89 | 189 | 6.25 | 8.27 | 58 | 1.18 | 1.23 |
8p | 11.00 | 0.20 | 1.29 | 20 | 96 | 186 | 8.18 | 154 | 5.55 | 7.99 | 59 | 0.84 | 1.14 |
9s | 9.27 | 0.15 | 1.33 | 23 | 58 | 137 | 9.38 | 192 | 8.17 | 8.11 | 71 | 0.74 | 0.85 |
9p | 11.50 | 0.18 | 1.25 | 20 | 88 | 183 | 9.67 | 148 | 6.93 | 7.31 | 73 | 0.51 | 0.53 |
10s | 10.28 | 0.17 | 1.31 | 36 | 53 | 137 | 10.38 | 204 | 7.06 | 8.00 | 54 | 1.72 | 1.40 |
10p | 11.40 | 0.20 | 1.27 | 24 | 94 | 192 | 7.85 | 161 | 6.31 | 8.32 | 56 | 1.22 | 1.44 |
11s | 10.40 | 0.17 | 1.31 | 36 | 55 | 151 | 11.56 | 205 | 8.19 | 8.51 | 62 | 1.59 | 1.00 |
11p | 11.50 | 0.17 | 1.31 | 30 | 85 | 188 | 8.78 | 158 | 7.07 | 8.81 | 64 | 1.08 | 1.04 |
12s | 8.90 | 0.19 | 1.30 | 21 | 83 | 202 | 8.20 | 189 | 6.57 | 8.23 | 50 | 1.95 | 0.28 |
12p | 11.30 | 0.43 | 1.17 | 19 | 151 | 101 | 11.70 | 104 | 5.71 | 7.64 | 51 | 3.37 | 0.30 |
13s | 8.26 | 0.14 | 1.30 | 34 | 52 | 193 | 8.64 | 198 | 7.05 | 8.51 | 56 | 1.65 | 0.93 |
13p | 11.97 | 0.32 | 1.35 | 14 | 134 | 178 | 7.10 | 126 | 6.28 | 8.32 | 58 | 1.13 | 0.31 |
14s | 8.63 | 0.18 | 1.22 | 24 | 76 | 195 | 8.94 | 202 | 8.11 | 8.92 | 63 | 1.32 | 0.32 |
14p | 12.40 | 0.31 | 1.06 | 10 | 128 | 255 | 6.90 | 123 | 5.81 | 7.51 | 64 | 1.39 | 1.00 |
15s | 9.62 | 0.23 | 1.15 | 31 | 83 | 216 | 9.50 | 221 | 9.00 | 8.51 | 61 | 1.94 | 0.52 |
15p | 13.80 | 0.45 | 1.11 | 19 | 160 | 255 | 11.70 | 96 | 5.93 | 7.94 | 61 | 3.37 | 0.35 |
16s | 9.60 | 0.32 | 1.02 | 22 | 112 | 218 | 10.00 | 208 | 7.29 | 9.34 | 56 | 1.70 | 0.67 |
16p | 11.80 | 0.42 | 1.49 | 18 | 177 | 170 | 9.64 | 95 | 7.08 | 8.42 | 56 | 3.93 | 0.36 |
17s | 14.23 | 0.33 | 1.07 | 22 | 134 | 275 | 9.02 | 208 | 7.10 | 8.62 | 46 | 2.40 | 0.28 |
17p | 14.10 | 0.53 | 1.31 | 17 | 182 | 152 | 14.70 | 136 | 6.36 | 7.16 | 49 | 5.46 | 0.31 |
18s | 7.37 | 0.24 | 1.32 | 15 | 96 | 209 | 8.19 | 194 | 9.90 | 7.96 | 69 | 1.15 | 0.33 |
18p | 13.70 | 0.50 | 1.19 | 17 | 178 | 293 | 12.90 | 110 | 6.38 | 8.04 | 70 | 3.60 | 0.35 |
19s | 15.02 | 0.37 | 1.08 | 32 | 124 | 272 | 9.86 | 217 | 8.12 | 9.27 | 48 | 2.72 | 0.31 |
19p | 13.10 | 0.52 | 1.25 | 20 | 181 | 234 | 14.10 | 112 | 6.49 | 8.00 | 50 | 4.78 | 0.33 |
20s | 11.24 | 0.33 | 1.08 | 19 | 129 | 238 | 9.78 | 218 | 9.74 | 9.26 | 64 | 2.22 | 0.35 |
20p | 13.30 | 0.55 | 1.34 | 16 | 200 | 273 | 14.70 | 129 | 6.97 | 7.86 | 65 | 5.28 | 0.36 |
21s | 14.53 | 0.30 | 1.07 | 27 | 111 | 265 | 9.79 | 211 | 7.58 | 8.67 | 50 | 2.36 | 0.33 |
21p | 14.20 | 0.51 | 1.37 | 17 | 169 | 261 | 14.50 | 141 | 7.15 | 7.69 | 53 | 5.13 | 0.35 |
22s | 13.56 | 0.38 | 1.16 | 27 | 128 | 253 | 10.29 | 218 | 9.06 | 9.07 | 57 | 2.46 | 0.33 |
22p | 11.60 | 0.63 | 1.48 | 16 | 224 | 296 | 16.80 | 150 | 8.56 | 8.97 | 58 | 6.21 | 0.35 |
23s | 14.32 | 0.48 | 1.06 | 28 | 141 | 237 | 13.91 | 212 | 7.44 | 8.85 | 49 | 2.33 | 0.34 |
23p | 13.70 | 0.62 | 1.35 | 16 | 197 | 252 | 17.90 | 131 | 6.71 | 7.18 | 52 | 5.50 | 0.35 |
Seat | SP Min/Max (cm) | SP Mean/Std. Dev | SB Min/Max (cm) | SB Mean/Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Semiactive | 0/3.8 | 2.72/1.37 | 7.3/17.5 | 15.31/3.06 |
Passive | 0/5.1 | 4.51/1.51 | 7.3/18.2 | 16.01/3.29 |
Seat | SP Min/Max (cm) | SP Mean/Std. Dev | SB Min/Max (cm) | SB Mean/Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Semiactive | 7.1/12.6 | 11.45/1.59 | 23.8/37.2 | 33.68/3.99 |
Passive | 5.6/6.1 | 6.01/0.28 | 24.2/33.9 | 31.87/4.68 |
Seat | SP Min/Max (cm) | SP Mean/Std. Dev | SB Min/Max (cm) | SB Mean/Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Semiactive | 0/12.5 | 7.27/4.69 | 7.3/37.2 | 24.89/10.01 |
Passive | 0/6.1 | 5.29/1.28 | 7.3/33.9 | 24.28/8.64 |
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Modified Bouc-Wen Model Parameters | ||
---|---|---|
Symbol | Parameter | Value |
c0a | high-velocity viscous damping | 784 N·s/m |
c0b | high-velocity viscous damping | 1803 N·s/(V·m) |
k0 | High-velocity stiffness | 3610 N/m |
c1a | low-velocity viscous damping | 14,649 N·s/m |
c1b | low-velocity viscous damping | 34,622 N·s/(V·m) |
k1 | accumulator stiffness | 840 N/m |
αa | model scaling value | 12,441 N/m |
αb | model scaling value | 38,430 N/(V·m) |
γ | model constant | 136,320 m−2 |
β | model constant | 2,059,020 m−2 |
δ | model constant | 58 |
n | model constant | 2 |
Controller Parameters | ||
---|---|---|
Symbol | Parameter | Value |
glim | profile controller acceleration | 90 m/s2 |
a1 | profile controller acceleration | 72 m/s2 |
a2 | profile controller acceleration | 54 m/s2 |
a3 | profile controller acceleration | 36 m/s2 |
a4 | profile controller acceleration | 18 m/s2 |
a5 | profile controller acceleration | −10 m/s2 |
θ1 | profile controller recliner angle | 5.0° |
θ2 | profile controller recliner angle | 5.5° |
θ3 | profile controller recliner angle | 6.0° |
θ4 | profile controller recliner angle | 6.5° |
θ5 | profile controller recliner angle | 7.0° |
x | limit seat-pan displacement | 6.5 cm |
Controller Parameters | ||
---|---|---|
Symbol | Parameter | Value |
Kp | CTC gain for position | 2000 |
Kv | CTC gain for velocity | 250 |
Ka | CTC gain for acceleration | 0.3 |
KMR | MR damper controller gain | 0.005 |
Ksb | CTC adaptive mass gain | 0.15 |
MT | total lumped mass | 90 kg |
Mseat | seat mass | 15 kg |
Controller Parameters | ||
---|---|---|
Symbol | Parameter | Value |
KMR | MR damper controller gain | 0.005 |
umin | minimum applied voltage | 0 V |
umax | maximum applied voltage | 9 V |
Medium Severity Crash Pulse SN16 | High Severity Crash Pulse TR24 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criterion | Unit | HPL | LPL | CL | HPL | LPL | CL |
NIC | m2/s2 | 11 | 24 | 27 | 13 | 23 | 25.5 |
- | - | - | 0.69 | - | - | 0.75 | |
m/s | - | - | 5.2 | - | - | 6 | |
N | 30 | 190 | 290 | 30 | 210 | 364 | |
N | - | - | 360 | - | - | 360 | |
N | 360 | 750 | 900 | 470 | 770 | 1024 | |
Nm | - | - | 30 | - | - | 30 | |
N | - | - | 360 | - | - | 360 | |
Nm | - | - | 30 | - | - | 30 | |
T1a | g | - | - | 15.55 | - | - | 17.8 |
HrCt | ms | - | - | 92 | - | - | 92 |
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Kaya, A.G.; Himmetoglu, S. Semiactive Car-Seat System for Rear-End Collisions. Machines 2024, 12, 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080530
Kaya AG, Himmetoglu S. Semiactive Car-Seat System for Rear-End Collisions. Machines. 2024; 12(8):530. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080530
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaya, Ali Gunes, and Selcuk Himmetoglu. 2024. "Semiactive Car-Seat System for Rear-End Collisions" Machines 12, no. 8: 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080530