The Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone in Northern China: Continuously Intensifying Land Use Competition Leading to Imbalanced Spatial Matching of Ecological Elements
<p>Position and main land use distribution of the APTZ in northern China.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Definition of center of gravity drift direction domain.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Mode analysis of gradient effect of center of gravity drift.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Distribution of land use center of gravity between farmland (<b>a</b>) and grassland (<b>b</b>) of the whole APTZ from 1980 to 2020.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Spatial distribution of the center of gravity of cultivated land (<b>a</b>) and grassland (<b>b</b>) in the northeast section of the APTZ from 1980 to 2020.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Spatial distribution of the center of gravity of cultivated land (<b>a</b>) and grassland (<b>b</b>) in the North China section of the APTZ from 1980 to 2020.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Spatial distribution of the center of gravity of cultivated land (<b>a</b>) and grassland (<b>b</b>) in the northwest section of the APTZ from 1980 to 2020.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Research Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Research and Methods
2.3.1. Land Use Spatial Center of Gravity Measurement Method
2.3.2. Analysis of Competition Models for Land Use Spatial Center of Gravity
2.3.3. Analysis of Gradient Effect of Land Use Center of Gravity Drift
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Spatial Drift of Land Use Center of Gravity
3.1.1. Spatial Drift Characteristics of Land Use Center of Gravity in the Whole Region
3.1.2. Spatial Drift Characteristics of Regional Land Use Center of Gravity
Characteristics of the Northeast Section
Characteristics of the North China Section
Characteristics of the Northwest Section
3.2. Features of Spatial Competition in Land Use
3.2.1. Spatial Competition Characteristics in the Whole APTZ
3.2.2. Spatial Competition Characteristics in Each Section
Characteristics of the Northeast Section
Characteristics of the North China Section
Characteristics of the Northwest Section
3.3. Gradient Effect of Land Use Center of Gravity Migration
3.3.1. Gradient Effect of Land Use Center of Gravity Migration in the Whole APTZ
3.3.2. Gradient Effect of Land Use Center of Gravity Migration in Each Section of APTZ
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The drift of the center of gravity of cultivated land towards the northwest direction is an important land use migration feature of the APTZ in northern China. The changes in the land use center of gravity of cultivated land and grassland in the 40 year time series are different due to time and place, but the overall migration characteristics exhibited are that cultivated land continues to expand towards areas with more arid, cold, or poor precipitation stability in the northwest direction. The trend of cultivated land expansion squeezing the natural cover space of grassland still exists.
- (2)
- The intensification of the interweaving between cultivated land and grassland has led to more intense land use competition. The competition for land use in the whole APTZ has a certain periodicity, and the competition relationship between cultivated land and grassland in the North China section is constantly strengthening. The natural resource management department needs to pay attention to the disorderly expansion and extensive management of agricultural production in this region, do a good job in agricultural industry zoning and animal husbandry area planning, and achieve integrated and complementary development of agriculture and animal husbandry through specialized zoning and moderate mixed management models, avoiding the damage to natural ecology and the loss of human welfare caused by intensified land use competition.
- (3)
- It is necessary to prevent the risk of spatial mismatch between land use and natural endowments. Especially in the northeast and North China sections, the expansion of farmland towards the northwest direction is not suitable for the expansion of agriculture in arid or cold areas, and there is a spatial mismatch with the distribution gradient of geographical elements in the “northeast–southwest” direction of the APTZ. There is a greater possibility of the risk of imbalance between human activities and land in the northeast and north sections of the APTZ. Policymakers need to pay more attention to control the disorderly spread of arable land, and protect high-quality arable land while restoring natural grassland cover, which can promote coordination between nature conservation and human well-being.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Cultivated Land | Forest Land | Meadow | Water Area | Constructed Land | Unused Land |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 165,414 (20.84%) | 150,564 (18.97%) | 390,759 (49.23%) | 10,749 (1.35%) | 11,015 (1.39%) | 65,286 (8.22%) |
1990 | 168,081 (21.17%) | 149,506 (18.83%) | 388,333 (48.92%) | 10,439 (1.32%) | 11,585 (1.46%) | 65,843 (8.29%) |
2000 | 176,145 (22.19%) | 148,744 (18.74%) | 381,224 (48.03%) | 10,396 (1.31%) | 13,285 (1.67%) | 63,993 (8.06%) |
2010 | 173,752 (21.89%) | 151,274 (19.06%) | 379,754 (47.84%) | 10,058 (1.27%) | 14,627 (1.84%) | 64,322 (8.10%) |
2020 | 172,482 (21.73%) | 151,921 (19.14%) | 376,500 (47.43%) | 10,375 (1.31%) | 19,859 (2.50%) | 62,650 (7.89%) |
Name | Content | Accuracy | Usage |
---|---|---|---|
Climate data | China Land Annual Precipitation Frequency Distribution Parameter Dataset, China Meteorological Element Average Spatial Interpolation Dataset (annual precipitation and evaporation, annual average temperature), 1960–2020 | Spatial resolution of 1 km raster data | Defining the spatial scope of the APTZ and assisting in analyzing the spatial effects of land use center of gravity drift |
Terrain data | Spatial distribution data of China’s altitude (DEM), 2000 | Spatial resolution of 90 m raster data | Analyzing the spatial gradient effect of land use center of gravity migration |
Land use data | Monitoring data of land use from remote sensing in China in 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 | Spatial resolution of 30 m raster data | Analyzing the land use center of gravity and its migration features |
Administrative divisions data | Data from various provinces, cities, and county-level administrative regions in China, 2015 | Vector data | Defining the spatial scope of the APTZ and assisting in analyzing the reasons for the drift of land use center of gravity |
Centroid Element | Element Changes | Illustration | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
Distance | Reduce | Distance between the centers of gravity decreases | |
Expand | The geometric distance between the centers of gravity increases | ||
Direction | Skew | Translate the two centers of gravity to the same starting point, with an angle of 0 to 180 degrees between the two motion axes | |
Row-controlled | Translate the two centers of gravity to the same starting point, with the two axes of motion on the same direction axis. The Row controlled mode indicates that the center of gravity is subjected to a centripetal or centrifugal force. | ||
Coordination | The two axes of motion of the center of gravity are parallel, and the direction of motion is consistent |
Distance | Direction | Land Competition Relationship |
---|---|---|
Approaching (reducing distance) | Skew | Eccentricity intensification |
Row-controlled | Coaxial intensification | |
Coordination | Same direction intensification | |
Separation (distance expansion) | Skew | Heterogeneous slowing down |
Row-controlled | Coaxial slowing down | |
Coordination | Same direction slowing down |
Year | Centroid Distance (km) | Direction of Grassland Gravity Center Movement | Direction of Cultivated Land Gravity Center Movement | Center of Gravity Drift Mode | Spatial Competition Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 70.95 | ||||
Row-controlled–Approaching | Coaxial intensification | ||||
1990 | 62.08 | ||||
Row-controlled–Separation | Coaxial slowing down | ||||
2000 | 62.09 | ||||
Coordination–Approaching | Exacerbation in the same direction | ||||
2010 | 58.15 | ||||
Row-controlled–Separation | Coaxial slowing down | ||||
2020 | 61.38 | ||||
Year | Centroid Distance (km) | Direction of Grassland Gravity Center Movement | Direction of Cultivated Land Gravity Center Movement | Center of Gravity Drift Mode | Spatial Competition Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 67.06 | ||||
Skew–Separation | Heterogeneous slowing down | ||||
1990 | 68.07 | ||||
Skew–Separation | Heterogeneous slowing down | ||||
2000 | 71.1 | ||||
Skew–Approaching | Eccentricity intensification | ||||
2010 | 66.32 | ||||
Skew–Separation | Heterogeneous slowing down | ||||
2020 | 67.33 | ||||
Year | Centroid Distance (km) | Direction of Grassland Gravity Center Movement | Direction of Cultivated Land Gravity Center Movement | Center of Gravity Drift Mode | Spatial Competition Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 56.22 | ||||
Coordination–Approaching | Same direction intensification | ||||
1990 | 55.69 | ||||
Skew–Separation | Heterogeneous slowing down | ||||
2000 | 57.34 | ||||
Skew–Approaching | Eccentricity intensification | ||||
2010 | 55.98 | ||||
Coordination–Approaching | Same direction intensification | ||||
2020 | 55.10 | ||||
Year | Centroid Distance (km) | Direction of Grassland Gravity Center Movement | Direction of Cultivated Land Gravity Center Movement | Center of Gravity Drift Mode | Spatial Competition Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 27.64 | ||||
Skew–Separation | Heterogeneous slowing down | ||||
1990 | 27.66 | ||||
Row-controlled–Approaching | Coaxial intensification | ||||
2000 | 27.63 | ||||
Skew–Separation | Heterogeneous slowing down | ||||
2010 | 28.27 | ||||
Skew–Approaching | Same direction intensification | ||||
2020 | 27.39 | ||||
Year | Direction of Grassland Gravity Center Movement | Direction of Cultivated Land Gravity Center Movement | Gradient Effect |
---|---|---|---|
1980 | |||
All are parallel gradient drift | |||
1990 | |||
All are cross gradient drift | |||
2000 | |||
All are parallel gradient drift | |||
2010 | |||
All are parallel gradient drift | |||
2020 | |||
Year | Direction of Grassland Gravity Center Movement | Direction of Cultivated Land Gravity Center Movement | Gradient Effect |
---|---|---|---|
1980 | |||
Parallel gradient drift of grassland center of gravity, cross gradient drift of farmland center of gravity | |||
1990 | |||
Cross gradient drift of grassland center of gravity, parallel gradient drift of farmland center of gravity | |||
2000 | |||
Parallel gradient drift of grassland center of gravity, cross gradient drift of farmland center of gravity | |||
2010 | |||
Both land types exhibit cross gradient drift | |||
2020 | |||
Year | Direction of Grassland Gravity Center Movement | Direction of Cultivated Land Gravity Center Movement | Gradient Effect |
---|---|---|---|
1980 | |||
Both land types exhibit parallel gradient drift | |||
1990 | |||
Cross gradient drift of grassland center of gravity, parallel gradient drift of farmland center of gravity | |||
2000 | |||
Cross gradient drift of grassland center of gravity, parallel gradient drift of farmland center of gravity | |||
2010 | |||
Both land types exhibit cross gradient drift | |||
2020 | |||
Year | Direction of Grassland Gravity Center Movement | Direction of Cultivated Land Gravity Center Movement | Gradient Effect |
---|---|---|---|
1980 | |||
Parallel gradient drift of grassland center of gravity, cross gradient drift of farmland center of gravity | |||
1990 | |||
Both land types exhibit parallel gradient drift | |||
2000 | |||
Parallel gradient drift of grassland center of gravity, cross gradient drift of farmland center of gravity | |||
2010 | |||
Cross gradient drift of grassland center of gravity, parallel gradient drift of farmland center of gravity | |||
2020 | |||
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Wang, K.; Zhao, X.; Zheng, H.; Zheng, B.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, F.; Duan, Z. The Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone in Northern China: Continuously Intensifying Land Use Competition Leading to Imbalanced Spatial Matching of Ecological Elements. Land 2024, 13, 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050654
Wang K, Zhao X, Zheng H, Zheng B, Xu Y, Zhang F, Duan Z. The Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone in Northern China: Continuously Intensifying Land Use Competition Leading to Imbalanced Spatial Matching of Ecological Elements. Land. 2024; 13(5):654. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050654
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Kaige, Xiangyu Zhao, Huihui Zheng, Bangyou Zheng, Yan Xu, Fengrong Zhang, and Zengqiang Duan. 2024. "The Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone in Northern China: Continuously Intensifying Land Use Competition Leading to Imbalanced Spatial Matching of Ecological Elements" Land 13, no. 5: 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050654