A Case Study of a 10-Year Change in the Vegetation and Water Environments of Volcanic Mires in South-Western Japan
<p>Map showing the Tadewara mire (TDW) and Bougatsuru mire (BGT) in south-western Japan. TDW transect, BGT transect 1, and BGT transect 2 are investigated transects with a length of 160 m, 70 m, and 90 m, respectively.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Elevation of ground surface relative to the origin (0 m site) of Tadewara transect (TDW transect), Bougatsuru transect 1 (BGT transect 1), and Bougatsuru transect 2 (BGT transect 2). Data were collected in July 2010.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Coverage of <span class="html-italic">Sphagnum palustre</span>, <span class="html-italic">Sphagnum fimbriatum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Phragmites australis</span>, <span class="html-italic">Moliniopsis japonica</span>, <span class="html-italic">Juncus decipiens</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Hydrangea paniculata</span> along the Tadewara transect (TDW transect). Data were collected at every 1 × 1 m<sup>2</sup> quadrat placed sequentially on the transect. Countered figures of coverage on the axes of year and position were drawn by interpolating data collected in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2016.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Coverage of <span class="html-italic">Sphagnum palustre</span>, <span class="html-italic">Sphagnum fimbriatum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Phragmites australis</span>, <span class="html-italic">Moliniopsis japonica</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Juncus decipiens</span> along Bougatsuru transect 1 (BGT transect 1). Data were collected at every 1 × 1 m<sup>2</sup> quadrat placed sequentially on the transect. Countered figures of coverage on the axes of year and position were drawn by interpolating data collected in 2006, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2016.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Coverage of <span class="html-italic">Sphagnum palustre</span>, <span class="html-italic">Sphagnum fimbriatum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Phragmites australis</span>, <span class="html-italic">Moliniopsis japonica</span>, <span class="html-italic">Juncus decipiens</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Persicalia thunbergii</span> along Bougatsuru transect 2 (BGT transect 2). Data were collected at every 1 × 1 m<sup>2</sup> quadrat placed sequentially on the transect. Countered figures of coverage on the axes of year and position were drawn by interpolating data collected in 2006, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2016.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Water-table depth (WTD), pH, electric conductivity (EC), calcium ion concentration (Ca<sup>2+</sup>), sulfate ion concentration (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), and total organic carbon (TOC) along the Tadewara transect (TDW transect). Data were collected at 17 sites of water environment monitoring with 10 m intervals along the transect. Countered figures of chemical variables on the axes of year and position were drawn by interpolating missing data (in 2009).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Water-table depth (WTD), pH, electric conductivity (EC), calcium ion concentration (Ca<sup>2+</sup>), sulfate ion concentration (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), and total organic carbon (TOC) along Bougatsuru transect 1 (BGT transect 1). Data were collected at 8 sites of water environment monitoring with 10 m intervals along the transect. Countered figures of chemical variables on the axes of year and position were drawn by interpolating missing data (in 2008 and 2009).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Water-table depth (WTD), pH, electric conductivity (EC), calcium ion concentration (Ca<sup>2+</sup>), sulfate ion concentration (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), and total organic carbon (TOC) along Bougatsuru transect 2 (BGT transect 2). Data were collected at 10 sites of water environment monitoring with 10 m intervals along the transect. Countered figures of chemical variables on the axes of year and position were drawn by interpolating missing data (in 2008 and 2009).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Groundwater Table and Water Chemistry
2.3. Vegetation
2.4. Topography
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Topography
3.2. Vegetation Change Overview
3.3. Water Environment Change Overview
3.4. Significant Changes in Vegetation
3.5. Significant Changes in the Water Environment
3.6. Correlation between Vegetation and Water Environmental Change
4. Discussion
4.1. Evidence of Changes in the Vegetation and Water Environment
4.2. Effect of the Water Environment on Vegetation Change
4.3. Vegetation and Water Environment of Mires
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tadewara Mire from 2006 to 2011 | |||||||||||||||||
Distance (m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 |
Sphagnumfimbriatum | * | * | * | ||||||||||||||
Sphagnumpalustre | ** | * | ** | * | |||||||||||||
Moliniopsisjaponica | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | * | * | |||||
Phragmitesaustralis | ** | * | * | * | * | ||||||||||||
Juncusdecipiens | * | ||||||||||||||||
Hydrangeapaniculata | * | * | * | ** | * | * | * | ||||||||||
Tadewara Mire from 2011 to 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
Distance (m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 |
Sphagnumfimbriatum | * | ** | * | * | * | ** | |||||||||||
Sphagnumpalustre | * | ** | * | ||||||||||||||
Moliniopsisjaponica | * | ** | * | * | * | ** | * | * | ** | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Phragmitesaustralis | ** | ||||||||||||||||
Juncusdecipiens | * | * | |||||||||||||||
Hydrangeapaniculata | * | * |
Bougatsuru Mire Transect 1 from 2006 to 2011 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance (m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 |
Sphagnumfimbriatum | * | ** | * | |||||
Sphagnumpalustre | ** | ** | * | |||||
Moliniopsisjaponica | * | * | * | ** | ||||
Phragmitesaustralis | * | |||||||
Juncusdecipiens | * | * | ||||||
Bougatsuru Mire Transect 1 from 2011 to 2016 | ||||||||
Distance (m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 |
Sphagnumfimbriatum | * | |||||||
Sphagnumpalustre | * | * | ||||||
Moliniopsisjaponica | * | * | * | ** | * | |||
Phragmitesaustralis | * | * | ||||||
Juncusdecipiens | * |
Bougatsuru Mire Transect 2 from 2006 to 2011 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance(m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
Sphagnumfimbriatum | * | ** | * | * | * | |||||
Sphagnumpalustre | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ||||
Moliniopsisjaponica | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | * | |||
Phragmitesaustralis | * | * | * | ** | * | * | ** | * | ||
Juncusdecipiens | * | |||||||||
Persicariathunbergii | * | * | ||||||||
Bougatsuru mire transect 2 from 2011 to 2016 | ||||||||||
Distance(m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
Sphagnumfimbriatum | * | |||||||||
Sphagnumpalustre | * | ** | ||||||||
Moliniopsisjaponica | * | * | ||||||||
Phragmitesaustralis | * | * | * | * | ||||||
Juncusdecipiens | * | |||||||||
Persicariathunbergii | * |
Tadewara Mire from 2006 to 2011 | |||||||||||||||||
Distance (m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 |
WTD | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | * | ** | * | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
pH | * | *** | ** | ** | ** | ||||||||||||
EC | * | ** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | ** | * | ||
Cl− | ** | ** | *** | ** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | ** | *** | *** | ||
NO3− | *** | * | ** | * | |||||||||||||
SO42− | * | *** | * | * | * | * | |||||||||||
NH4+ | ** | * | |||||||||||||||
Na+ | * | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
K+ | * | ** | * | ** | *** | ** | *** | * | * | *** | ** | *** | |||||
Mg2+ | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | * | ** | |
Ca2+ | * | *** | *** | * | * | *** | ** | ||||||||||
TOC | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | *** | * | |||||||||
TP | *** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | * | *** | *** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | *** | |
TN | * | * | * | ||||||||||||||
Tadewara Mire from 2011 to 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
Distance (m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 |
WTD | ** | ** | ** | ** | *** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | |||||
pH | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | * | |||||||||
EC | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | |||
Cl− | *** | * | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
NO3− | *** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
SO42− | ** | ** | * | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | * | ** | ||||||
NH4+ | * | * | |||||||||||||||
Na+ | ** | ** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | * | ** | ||||
K+ | * | ** | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||||||
Mg2+ | ** | ** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ||||||||
Ca2+ | ** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | ** | * | |||||||
TOC | ** | * | * | * | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | * | |||||||
TP | ** | * | ** | * | |||||||||||||
TN | ** | * | * |
Bougatsuru Mire Transect 1 from 2011 to 2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance (m) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 |
WTD | ** | * | ** | |||||
pH | *** | |||||||
EC | ||||||||
Cl– | * | ** | ||||||
NO3– | * | * | ** | ** | *** | * | * | |
SO42− | ||||||||
NH4+ | * | |||||||
Na+ | * | |||||||
K+ | * | ** | ** | |||||
Mg2+ | ||||||||
Ca2+ | ||||||||
TOC | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | ** | |
TP | *** | |||||||
TN |
Bougatsuru Mire Transect 2 from 2011 to 2016 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance (m) | Spring | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
WTD | – | ** | ** | ** | ** | *** | |||||
pH | * | ||||||||||
EC | * | * | * | * | ** | *** | |||||
Cl– | *** | *** | ** | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
NO3– | * | * | ** | * | |||||||
SO42− | ** | ** | *** | *** | |||||||
NH4+ | * | * | * | ||||||||
Na+ | ** | * | ** | ** | *** | * | |||||
K+ | * | ** | * | * | |||||||
Mg2+ | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | * | |
Ca2+ | * | * | ** | ** | ** | *** | *** | ||||
TOC | *** | * | |||||||||
TP | |||||||||||
TN | * | * |
WTD | pH | EC | Cl− | NO3− | SO42− | NH4+ | Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | TOC | TP | TN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sphagnum fimbriatum | ** | |||||||||||||
Sphagnum palustre | ||||||||||||||
Moliniopsis japonica | * | ** | * | ** | ** | |||||||||
Phragmites australis | ** | ** | ||||||||||||
Juncus decipiens | ||||||||||||||
Hydrangea paniculata | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||||||||||
Persicaria thunbergii |
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Haraguchi, A. A Case Study of a 10-Year Change in the Vegetation and Water Environments of Volcanic Mires in South-Western Japan. Water 2022, 14, 4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244132
Haraguchi A. A Case Study of a 10-Year Change in the Vegetation and Water Environments of Volcanic Mires in South-Western Japan. Water. 2022; 14(24):4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244132
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaraguchi, Akira. 2022. "A Case Study of a 10-Year Change in the Vegetation and Water Environments of Volcanic Mires in South-Western Japan" Water 14, no. 24: 4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244132