Intercomparison of MODIS and VIIRS Fire Products in Khanty-Mansiysk Russia: Implications for Characterizing Gas Flaring from Space
<p>Projected map of test region (in red boundaries) enclosing Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The background map is from GoogleEarth<sup>©</sup> with modification.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Nighttime fire detections by different products over the study area during Summer 2013. The considerable difference in detections between VNF and other products is due to VNF’s ability to detect more gas flares in the region.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Nocturnal detections by different sensors over the gas flaring regions in the study area (April–August 2013). <span class="html-italic">X</span>- and <span class="html-italic">Y</span>-axis show the longitude and latitude, respectively.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>NOAA VNF (<b>a</b>) and VNF Replica (<b>b</b>): Nighttime M10 band detections. See the text for details.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) Reconciliation between VAFP and NOAA VNF, 4 July 2013. See the text for details.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) Reconciliation between VAFP and NOAA VNF, 2 August 2013. See the text for details.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Simulation of 4 µm (top left) and (<b>b</b>) 1.6 µm (top right) radiances for varying fire temperature and fire area fraction, as well as (bottom left) (<b>c</b>) their corresponding difference (1.6–4 µm) for varying fire temperature and fire area fraction. The background brightness temperature is considered uniformly at 300 K.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) A test site in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia (Image courtesy: Google maps); (<b>b</b>) Fire area, temperature, and distance of detected pixel from the flare location for this site over five months in 2013, as retrieved by NOAA VNF version 1.0. The red lines represent the fire temperature reported by VNF for hot pixels found in proximity to the flare, whereas the blue and navy blue lines represent the fire area and distance from the flare to the center of the detected pixel, respectively.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Histogram for fire temperature reported by VNF for ten chosen flaring sites in the study region over the five month period (April–August 2013).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Histogram for view zenith angles for the same period and sites reported by VNF. It is noticeable that most flare detections are happening for viewing angles very close to nadir.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Scatter plot for fire areas reported by NOAA VNF for different flare sites versus the area estimated using Google imagery for the respective sites.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. MODIS Thermal Anomalies and Fire Products (MOD14 and MYD14)
2.2. VIIRS Active Fire Product (VAFP)
2.3. NOAA’s VIIRS NightFire Product (VNF)
2.4. Study Region and Time Period
3. Analysis of Algorithm Differences
4. Reconciliation between VIIRS and VNF
4.1. Reconciliation with Replication and Sensitivity Analysis of VNF Algorithm
4.2. Reconciliation through Theoretical Interpretation
5. Evaluation of the Night-Fire Product for Characterizing Gas Flaring
6. Summary and Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MODIS Fire Product | VIIRS Active Fire | NOAA VNF | |
---|---|---|---|
Primary Detection Band | 4 µm, 11 µm channels | 4 µm, 11 µm channels | 1.6 µm channel |
Treatment of Clouds | Cloudy Pixels Pre-screened | Cloudy Pixels Pre-screened | Completely or Partially Cloudy Pixel considered |
Solar Contamination | Observations ≥ 85° SZA | Observations ≥ 85° SZA | Observations > 95° SZA |
Auxiliary Info | Fire Radiative Power, Geolocation, Geometry | Geolocation, Geometry | Sub-pixel fire area, temperature and radiant heat, Geolocation, Geometry |
Spatial Resolution | 1 km at Nadir | 750 m at Nadir | Variable |
Aggregation | None | Sub-pixel aggregation across scan | N/A |
Potential Pixel Selection | T4 > 305 and ΔT > 10 | T4 > 305 and ΔT > 10 | Radiance values above calculated threshold |
Date Nighttime | MOD14 (MODIS Terra) | MYD14 (MODIS Aqua) | VAFP (VIIRS) | VNF (VIIRS) 0 < TB < 1600 K TB ≥ 1600 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | In * | Out * | Total | In | Out | Total | In | Out | Total | In | Out | Total | In | Out | |
April 13 | 07 | 02 | 05 | 02 | 02 | 00 | 17 | 15 | 02 | 551 | 301 | 250 | 2603 | 2461 | 142 |
May 13 | 11 | 07 | 04 | 01 | 01 | 00 | 45 | 45 | 00 | 339 | 161 | 178 | 1476 | 1400 | 76 |
June 13 | 04 | 02 | 02 | 05 | 04 | 01 | 52 | 36 | 16 | 86 | 85 | 01 | 370 | 357 | 13 |
July 13 | 56 | 23 | 33 | 49 | 26 | 23 | 314 | 137 | 177 | 983 | 569 | 414 | 3004 | 2897 | 107 |
August 13 | 59 | 30 | 29 | 27 | 23 | 04 | 138 | 81 | 57 | 1359 | 852 | 507 | 4952 | 4706 | 246 |
VIIRS VNF Test Sites | Geolocation (Degrees) | # of Detections | Mean Fire Area (m2) | Mean Brightness Temperature (K) | Mean Distance of Detection (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site 1: | Lat: 60.9704 Lon: 73.8491 | 45 | 4.59 ± 7.23 | 1773.71 ± 140.868 | 402.640 ± 327.470 |
Site 2: | Lat: 60.6912 Lon: 72.8564 | 62 | 5.37± 11.85 | 1789.61 ± 236.843 | 768.956 ± 697.082 |
Site 3: | Lat: 61.0195 Lon:72.6190 | 60 | 3.65 ± 2.08 | 1789.20 ± 109.462 | 420.553 ± 330.132 |
Site 4: | Lat: 61.6430 Lon: 72.1709 | 53 | 2.42 ± 2.18 | 1773.72 ± 226.354 | 370.547 ± 287.388 |
Site 5: | Lat: 61.2813 Lon: 72.9743 | 60 | 5.95 ± 6.32 | 1894.10 ± 222.996 | 333.063 ± 275.531 |
Site 6: | Lat: 60.7791 Lon:72.7071 | 53 | 3.23 ± 3.29 | 1710.96 ± 130.777 | 358.884 ± 226.843 |
Site 7: | Lat:62.4468 Lon:73.5506 | 56 | 11.04 ± 7.63 | 1728.12 ± 123.712 | 418.890 ± 476.166 |
Site 8: | Lat: 61.7231 Lon:73.8940 | 31 | 1.19 ± 0.77 | 1757.84 ± 154.92 | 505.728 ± 356.719 |
Site 9: | Lat: 62.4922 Lon: 74.4010 | 65 | 24.88 ± 16.48 | 1788.29 ± 90.1068 | 344.189 ± 243.270 |
Site 10: | Lat: 60.7386 Lon: 69.9132 | 50 | 5.19 ± 4.04 | 1733.50 ± 131.160 | 480.738 ± 315.054 |
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Sharma, A.; Wang, J.; Lennartson, E.M. Intercomparison of MODIS and VIIRS Fire Products in Khanty-Mansiysk Russia: Implications for Characterizing Gas Flaring from Space. Atmosphere 2017, 8, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8060095
Sharma A, Wang J, Lennartson EM. Intercomparison of MODIS and VIIRS Fire Products in Khanty-Mansiysk Russia: Implications for Characterizing Gas Flaring from Space. Atmosphere. 2017; 8(6):95. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8060095
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Ambrish, Jun Wang, and Elizabeth M. Lennartson. 2017. "Intercomparison of MODIS and VIIRS Fire Products in Khanty-Mansiysk Russia: Implications for Characterizing Gas Flaring from Space" Atmosphere 8, no. 6: 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8060095