Humidity-Controlling Ceramic Bricks: Enhancing Evaporative Cooling Efficiency to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect
<p>Schematic representation of the preparation process for an innovative HCCT.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Test specimens were subjected to an evaporation cooling experiment in a wind-tunnel device.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The wind tunnel reproduced typical meteorological daily parameters of Guangzhou.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Sample evaporation measurement unit: (<b>a</b>) top view; (<b>b</b>) section view.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Geometric physical model of an HCCT.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Effect of different SMO contents on the properties of HCCTs: (<b>a</b>) flexural strength; (<b>b</b>) water absorption.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Effect of different SMO contents on the XRD patterns of HCCTs.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>XPS spectra of HCCTs prepared with 2% SMO.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Microstructural analysis of HCCTs: (<b>a</b>) SEM images of HCCTs without SMO addition; (<b>b</b>) SEM images of HCCTs with 2% SMO addition; (<b>c</b>) N<sub>2</sub> adsorption–desorption curves and pore size distribution for HCCTs with 2% SMO and without SMO.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Adsorbed moisture content curve for glazed HCCTs prepared with varied amounts of sprayed glaze.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Cumulative water absorption of three different porous tile specimens.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Evaporation profiles of three different porous tile specimens: (<b>a</b>) hourly evaporation rate; (<b>b</b>) cumulative evaporation.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Surface temperature of three different porous tile specimens: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) under dry conditions; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) under wet conditions.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Simulated and measured values in the evaporation process of HCCTs: (<b>a</b>) surface temperature; (<b>b</b>) volumetric water content.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Temperature field of HCCTs: (<b>a</b>) temperature variation at different thicknesses; (<b>b</b>) temperature distribution across different initial water contents.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Influence of porosity on temperature–moisture field in HCCTs: (<b>a</b>) temperature; (<b>b</b>) moisture.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Influence of thickness on temperature–moisture field in HCCTs: (<b>a</b>) temperature; (<b>b</b>) moisture.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Preparation of HCCTs
2.3. Experimental Methods
2.3.1. Flexural Strength and Water Absorption Tests
2.3.2. Pore Structure Test
2.3.3. Microstructural Analysis
2.3.4. Evaporation Performance Test
2.4. Numerical Simulation
2.4.1. Model Foundation
2.4.2. Governing Equations
2.4.3. Boundary Conditions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flexural Strength and Water Absorption
3.2. Impact of Glaze Quantity
3.3. Hygrothermal Properties
3.3.1. Water Absorption Profile
3.3.2. Evaporation Profile
3.3.3. Temperature Profile
3.4. Numerical Calculation of Heat and Moisture Transfer Process in HCCTs
3.4.1. Validation Model
3.4.2. Factors Influencing Heat and Moisture Transfer of HCCTs
- (1)
- Volumetric water content
- (2)
- Porosity
- (3)
- Thickness
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | TiO2 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volcanic powder | 67.92 | 12.44 | 1.12 | 0.15 | 3.14 | 4.12 | 0.43 | 1.15 |
Potassium–sodium powder | 72.43 | 13.38 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.43 | 0.01 | 8.06 | 5.29 |
Low-temperature melt | 27.32 | 1.05 | 0.13 | 3.12 | 3.45 | 1.12 | 2.89 | 11.63 |
SMO | 91.11 | 1.92 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.22 |
Material | Thickness (mm) | Density (kg/m3) | Heat Capacity (J/(kg·K)) | Thermal Conductivity (W(m·°C)) | Porosity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCCT | 12 | 1700 | 900 | 1.5 | 20 |
Material | S1 (×10−2 mm/s0.5) | S2 (×10−2 mm/s0.5) | Wvap (kg/m3) | Open Porosity (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD* | Mean | SD* | Mean | SD* | Mean | SD* | |
PFCT | 4.92 | 0.251 | 0.04 | 0.034 | 130.85 | 4.205 | 35.05 | 0.124 |
HCCT-W | 3.69 | 0.312 | 0.07 | 0.052 | 173.39 | 5.031 | 36.98 | 0.261 |
HCCT-R | 3.65 | 0.123 | 0.07 | 0.047 | 177.41 | 4.936 | 36.24 | 0.173 |
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Jin, X.; Wang, J.; Tan, K.; Zou, Z. Humidity-Controlling Ceramic Bricks: Enhancing Evaporative Cooling Efficiency to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080964
Jin X, Wang J, Tan K, Zou Z. Humidity-Controlling Ceramic Bricks: Enhancing Evaporative Cooling Efficiency to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(8):964. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080964
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Xueli, Junsong Wang, Kanghao Tan, and Zhenjie Zou. 2024. "Humidity-Controlling Ceramic Bricks: Enhancing Evaporative Cooling Efficiency to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect" Atmosphere 15, no. 8: 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080964