Precipitation and Moisture Transport of the 2021 Shimokita Heavy Precipitation: A Transformed Extratropical Cyclone from Typhoon#9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Geography of the target area. Color indicates elevation (m), and color scale is the same as that in <a href="#atmosphere-15-00094-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>b. Two blue arrows indicate the range of cross sections shown later figure. (<b>b</b>) Elevation and rain gauge stations over Aomori Prefecture and (<b>c</b>) Shimokita Peninsula. Blue dots indicate Aomori Prefecture’s rain gauge; yellow dots indicate the Ministry of Land’s rain gauge; and red dots represent that of JMA’s. Blue boxes in <a href="#atmosphere-15-00094-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>c indicate the Akagawa River basin and Yagen where landslide damage was severe.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Path of Typhoon#9 in 2021. Open circles indicate the TC/EC center location at 9 AM JST (=00 UTC), and closed circles indicate that of 9 PM JST (=12 UTC). The numbers with small subscripts indicate the date (e.g., “10” indicates 10 August). The best track map is obtained from JMA Tropical Cyclone Tracks (<a href="https://www.data.jma.go.jp/yoho/typhoon/route_map/bstv2021.html" target="_blank">https://www.data.jma.go.jp/yoho/typhoon/route_map/bstv2021.html</a> (accessed on 31 March 2023). (<b>b</b>) Weather chart at 9 JST (00 UTC) on 9 August when the TC9 transformed to an extratropical cyclone (EC9). Processed from JWA tenki.jp “Past weather charts, August 2021” (<a href="https://tenki.jp/past/2021/08/chart/" target="_blank">https://tenki.jp/past/2021/08/chart/</a>) (accessed on 31 March 2023). (<b>c</b>) Same with (<b>b</b>) but at 9 UTC. (<b>d</b>) Same with (<b>b</b>) but at 18 UTC.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) The 48 h precipitation (APHRO_RA) distribution for the target area (mm/48 h). (<b>b</b>) Time series of the average precipitation over a white box designated in (<b>a</b>). Two peaks (9 UTC, 18 UTC) and two terms are marked. (<b>c</b>) Total precipitation distribution for Term 1 (mm/h) over the Shimokita Peninsula. (<b>d</b>) Same as (<b>c</b>), but for Term 2 (mm/h).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Composited precipitation distribution (mm/h) for (<b>a</b>) TD, (<b>b</b>) TY, and (<b>c</b>) EC. Hourly precipitation patterns are composited according to the angle from the TC center. Labels at X and Y axes indicate angle (degree). Blue and red circles in (<b>c</b>) indicate relative location of Shimokita from the EC center at peak -1 and peak -2, respectively. The number of samples (N) and areal mean precipitation are noted in the upper-right corner of each panel.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Composited precipitation distribution (mm/h) for (<b>a</b>) Term 1 (0–15 UTC of 9th) and (<b>b</b>) Term 2 (from 15 UTC of 9th to 6 UTC of 10th). The same scales are used for (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>). While open circles indicate the relative locations of Shimokita Peninsula at peak 1 and peak 2.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Vertically integrated specific humidity (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (shade)and moisture flux (kg/m·s) (vector) in the middle troposphere (400–650 hPa) at (<b>a</b>) 9 UTC (peak 1) and (<b>b</b>) 18 UTC (peak 2) on 9 August. (<b>c</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for a lower troposphere (700 hPa—surface). (<b>d</b>) Same as (<b>b</b>) but for a lower troposphere (700 hPa—surface). (<b>e</b>) Moisture divergence (blue means convergence) at 950 hPa at 9 UTC (unit: 1/s). (<b>f</b>) Same as (<b>e</b>) but for 18 UTC. Black open circles in (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) designate the location center of EC9. (<b>g</b>) Vertically integrated moisture flux (kg/M·s) (vector) and its divergence (kg/m<sup>2</sup>·h) in the middle troposphere (400–650 hPa). Only convergence (negative divergence) areas are shaded. (<b>h</b>) Same as (<b>g</b>) but for 18 UTC (peak 2). (<b>i</b>) Same as (<b>g</b>) but for a lower troposphere (700 hPa—surface). (<b>j</b>) Same as (<b>i</b>) but for 18 UTC (peak 2).</p> "> Figure 6 Cont.
<p>Vertically integrated specific humidity (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (shade)and moisture flux (kg/m·s) (vector) in the middle troposphere (400–650 hPa) at (<b>a</b>) 9 UTC (peak 1) and (<b>b</b>) 18 UTC (peak 2) on 9 August. (<b>c</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for a lower troposphere (700 hPa—surface). (<b>d</b>) Same as (<b>b</b>) but for a lower troposphere (700 hPa—surface). (<b>e</b>) Moisture divergence (blue means convergence) at 950 hPa at 9 UTC (unit: 1/s). (<b>f</b>) Same as (<b>e</b>) but for 18 UTC. Black open circles in (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) designate the location center of EC9. (<b>g</b>) Vertically integrated moisture flux (kg/M·s) (vector) and its divergence (kg/m<sup>2</sup>·h) in the middle troposphere (400–650 hPa). Only convergence (negative divergence) areas are shaded. (<b>h</b>) Same as (<b>g</b>) but for 18 UTC (peak 2). (<b>i</b>) Same as (<b>g</b>) but for a lower troposphere (700 hPa—surface). (<b>j</b>) Same as (<b>i</b>) but for 18 UTC (peak 2).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Equivalent potential temperature (θe, unit: K) and horizontal wind vectors calculated from the MSM. White dashed contours indicate convergence (contour interval is 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). (<b>a</b>) The 500 hPa at 9 UTC 9 August 2021. (<b>b</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>c</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>c</b>) indicates land areas. The color scale for equivalent potential temperatures and wind vectors are common for all 9 panels (<b>a</b>–<b>i</b>). (<b>d</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 15 UTC on 9 August 2021. (<b>e</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>f</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>f</b>) indicates land areas. (<b>g</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 18 UTC on 9 August 2021. (<b>h</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>i</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>i</b>) indicates land areas.</p> "> Figure 7 Cont.
<p>Equivalent potential temperature (θe, unit: K) and horizontal wind vectors calculated from the MSM. White dashed contours indicate convergence (contour interval is 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). (<b>a</b>) The 500 hPa at 9 UTC 9 August 2021. (<b>b</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>c</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>c</b>) indicates land areas. The color scale for equivalent potential temperatures and wind vectors are common for all 9 panels (<b>a</b>–<b>i</b>). (<b>d</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 15 UTC on 9 August 2021. (<b>e</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>f</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>f</b>) indicates land areas. (<b>g</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 18 UTC on 9 August 2021. (<b>h</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>i</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>i</b>) indicates land areas.</p> "> Figure 7 Cont.
<p>Equivalent potential temperature (θe, unit: K) and horizontal wind vectors calculated from the MSM. White dashed contours indicate convergence (contour interval is 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). (<b>a</b>) The 500 hPa at 9 UTC 9 August 2021. (<b>b</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>c</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>c</b>) indicates land areas. The color scale for equivalent potential temperatures and wind vectors are common for all 9 panels (<b>a</b>–<b>i</b>). (<b>d</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 15 UTC on 9 August 2021. (<b>e</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>f</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>f</b>) indicates land areas. (<b>g</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 18 UTC on 9 August 2021. (<b>h</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 700 hPa. (<b>i</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 950 hPa. Gray area in (<b>i</b>) indicates land areas.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Vertical cross section of eastward moisture flux (m/s) averaged over 140.70–141.5° E at 9 UTC 9 August. Red (blue) color indicates westerly (easterly). Contours indicate moisture convergence (×10<sup>−8</sup>/s). (<b>b</b>) Cross section of precipitation (mm/2 h) averaged over 140.70–141.5° E during 8–10 UTC 9 August. (<b>c</b>) Vertical cross section of northward moisture flux (m/s) averaged over 41–42° N at 9 UTC 9 August. Red (blue) color indicates southerly (northerly). Contours indicate moisture convergence (×10<sup>−8</sup>/s). (<b>d</b>) Cross section of precipitation (mm/2 h) averaged over 41–42° E at 9 UTC 9 August. (<b>e</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 18 UTC. (<b>f</b>) Same as (<b>b</b>) but for 17–19 UTC. (<b>g</b>) Same as (<b>c</b>) but for 18 UTC. (<b>h</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 17–19 UTC.</p> "> Figure 8 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Vertical cross section of eastward moisture flux (m/s) averaged over 140.70–141.5° E at 9 UTC 9 August. Red (blue) color indicates westerly (easterly). Contours indicate moisture convergence (×10<sup>−8</sup>/s). (<b>b</b>) Cross section of precipitation (mm/2 h) averaged over 140.70–141.5° E during 8–10 UTC 9 August. (<b>c</b>) Vertical cross section of northward moisture flux (m/s) averaged over 41–42° N at 9 UTC 9 August. Red (blue) color indicates southerly (northerly). Contours indicate moisture convergence (×10<sup>−8</sup>/s). (<b>d</b>) Cross section of precipitation (mm/2 h) averaged over 41–42° E at 9 UTC 9 August. (<b>e</b>) Same as (<b>a</b>) but for 18 UTC. (<b>f</b>) Same as (<b>b</b>) but for 17–19 UTC. (<b>g</b>) Same as (<b>c</b>) but for 18 UTC. (<b>h</b>) Same as (<b>d</b>) but for 17–19 UTC.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Precipitation Data
2.2. Atmospheric Data
2.3. TC Precipitation Composites
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Precipitation Distribution and Time Series
3.2. Composited TC/EC Precipitation
3.3. Large-Scale Moisture Transport and TC/EC Precipitation
3.4. Vertical Distribution of Equivalent Potential Temperature and Moisture Transport
4. Conclusions
- Using additional rain gauges from Aomori Prefecture and MLIT, in addition to JMA’s AMeDAS, we successfully represented the heavy precipitation pattern and its time series over the landslide region.
- In most locations where the landslide disaster occurred, there were two precipitation peaks: at 9 UTC (Term 1: 0–15 UTC) and 18 UTC (Term 2: 15 UTC (9 August)—6 UTC (10 August)) on 9 August. The total precipitation over Shimokita Peninsula was greater in Term 2 than in Term 1.
- A common feature of the two terms was strong wind shear from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere, with easterly winds in the lower troposphere below 900 hPa and warm moist air with a high equivalent potential temperature from the southeast flowing into the target area at approximately 850–700 hPa, and from the south flowing into the heavy rainfall area in the upper troposphere from 700 hPa.
- A strong gradient of equivalent potential temperature (especially for Term 2) and a northerly component with a lower troposphere and moisture convergence indicate the existence of the stationary front shown in the weather chart.
- During Term 1, moisture convergence was found over the Tsugaru Straits at approximately 800 hPa, while Term 2 did not show such a maximum.
- The large-scale moisture transport/convergence clarified that the heavy precipitation zone and strong moisture convergence that caused the Shimokita event were associated with the stationary front of EC9. The precipitation distribution, which has a precipitation peak northeast of the EC center, is a typical typhoon-turned-EC precipitation distribution.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yatagai, A.; Saruta, S. Precipitation and Moisture Transport of the 2021 Shimokita Heavy Precipitation: A Transformed Extratropical Cyclone from Typhoon#9. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010094
Yatagai A, Saruta S. Precipitation and Moisture Transport of the 2021 Shimokita Heavy Precipitation: A Transformed Extratropical Cyclone from Typhoon#9. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(1):94. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010094
Chicago/Turabian StyleYatagai, Akiyo, and Shogo Saruta. 2024. "Precipitation and Moisture Transport of the 2021 Shimokita Heavy Precipitation: A Transformed Extratropical Cyclone from Typhoon#9" Atmosphere 15, no. 1: 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010094