Similarities of Three Most Extreme Precipitation Events in North China
"> Figure 1
<p>The research area and the distribution of national stations, with altitude shaded (unit: meter).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Daily precipitation maximums (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>,<b>c1</b>) and the ranks of the maximus (<b>a2</b>,<b>b2</b>,<b>c2</b>) of the three events (a: “63.8”, from 12:00 UTC 2 to 12:00 UTC 10 August 1963; b: “75.8”, from 12:00 UTC 4 to 12:00 UTC 10 August 1975; c: “21.7”, from 12:00 UTC 17 to 12:00 UTC 23 July 2021).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Amount of 4 days precipitation of the three events ((<b>a</b>): “63.8”, from 12:00 UTC 2 to 12:00 UTC 8 August 1963; (<b>b</b>): “75.8”, from 12:00 UTC 5 to 12:00 UTC 8 August 1975; (<b>c</b>): “21.7”, from 12:00 UTC 19 to 12:00 UTC 22 July 2021).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Same as <a href="#atmosphere-14-01149-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, but for 7 days ((<b>a</b>): “63.8”, from 12:00 UTC 2 to 12:00 UTC 8 August 1963; (<b>b</b>): “75.8”, from 12:00 UTC 4 to 12:00 UTC 10 August 1975; (<b>c</b>): “21.7”, from 12:00 UTC 17 to 12:00 UTC 23 July 2021).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison of circulation anomaly features among the “21.7” event ((<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>); 14:00 BJT on 20 July; “+” denotes the location of Zhengzhou station), the “75.8” event ((<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>); 14:00 BJT on 7 August; “+” denotes the location of Shangcai station), and the “63.8” event ((<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>); 14:00 BJT on 2 August; “+” denotes the location of Linying station). (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) are the 500 hPa wind field (wind bar), the height field (contours), and the standardized anomalies (filled colors), respectively. (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) are the same as (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>), except for 200 hPa.</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>Comparison of circulation anomaly features among the “21.7” event ((<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>); 14:00 BJT on 20 July; “+” denotes the location of Zhengzhou station), the “75.8” event ((<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>); 14:00 BJT on 7 August; “+” denotes the location of Shangcai station), and the “63.8” event ((<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>); 14:00 BJT on 2 August; “+” denotes the location of Linying station). (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) are the 500 hPa wind field (wind bar), the height field (contours), and the standardized anomalies (filled colors), respectively. (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) are the same as (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>), except for 200 hPa.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The wind field (wind bar), water vapor flux (contours, unit: g cm<sup>−1</sup> hPa<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), and its normalized anomaly (shaded) at 850 hPa at (<b>a</b>) 17:00 BJT on 20 July 2021, (<b>c</b>) 22:00 BJT on 7 August 1975, and (<b>e</b>) 17:00 BJT on 2 August 1963. (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) are the same as (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) except for 950 hPa.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The wind field (wind bar), whole-layer water vapor content (contours, unit: mm), and its normalized anomaly (shaded) at 925 hPa at (<b>a</b>) 17:00 BJT on 20 July 2021, (<b>c</b>) 22:00 BJT on 7 August 1975, and (<b>e</b>) 17:00 BJT on 2 August 1963. The wind field (wind bar), water vapor flux divergence (contours, unit: g cm<sup>−2</sup> hPa<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), and its normalized anomaly (shaded) at 975 hPa at (<b>b</b>) 17:00 BJT on 20 July 2021, (<b>d</b>) 22:00 BJT on 7 August 1975, and (<b>f</b>) 17:00 BJT on 2 August 1963.</p> "> Figure 7 Cont.
<p>The wind field (wind bar), whole-layer water vapor content (contours, unit: mm), and its normalized anomaly (shaded) at 925 hPa at (<b>a</b>) 17:00 BJT on 20 July 2021, (<b>c</b>) 22:00 BJT on 7 August 1975, and (<b>e</b>) 17:00 BJT on 2 August 1963. The wind field (wind bar), water vapor flux divergence (contours, unit: g cm<sup>−2</sup> hPa<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), and its normalized anomaly (shaded) at 975 hPa at (<b>b</b>) 17:00 BJT on 20 July 2021, (<b>d</b>) 22:00 BJT on 7 August 1975, and (<b>f</b>) 17:00 BJT on 2 August 1963.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Temporal variations of the (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) 950 hPa water vapor flux and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) 975 hPa water vapor flux divergence (red lines), the climatic mean values (thick black lines), and the corresponding water vapor flux and water vapor flux divergence after the climatic mean is increased or decreased by several standard deviations (gray lines) at a single station. The station locations of (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) correspond to the “○” in <a href="#atmosphere-14-01149-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>b,d,f, respectively. The station locations of (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) correspond to the “○” in <a href="#atmosphere-14-01149-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>b,d,f, respectively.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Standardized Anomaly Methods
3. Results
3.1. Precipitation Extremes of the Three Events
3.2. Circulation and Physical Quantities Comparison
3.2.1. Circulation Anomalies
3.2.2. Water Vapor Anomalies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Events | “63.8” | “75.8” | “21.7” |
---|---|---|---|
Basic information | Heavy rainfall; Hebei, Shanxi, Henan; 2–10 August 1963. | Heavy rainfall; Henan, Hubei; 5–9 August 1975. | Heavy rainfall; Henan; 18–23 July 2021. |
Maximum of daily precipitation (time) | 518.5 mm (4 August 1963) | 755.1 mm (7 August 1975) | 552.5 mm (20 July 2021) |
4 days amount during main period (period) | 885.9 mm (4–7 August 1963) | 872.4 mm (5–8 August 1975) | 816.4 mm (19–22 July 2021) |
7 days amount during main period (period) | 1137.1 mm (2–8 August 1963) | 879.6 mm (4–10 August 1975) | 820.9 mm (17–23 July 2021) |
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Dong, Q.; Sun, J.; Chen, B.; Chen, Y.; Shu, Y. Similarities of Three Most Extreme Precipitation Events in North China. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071149
Dong Q, Sun J, Chen B, Chen Y, Shu Y. Similarities of Three Most Extreme Precipitation Events in North China. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(7):1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071149
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Quan, Jun Sun, Boyu Chen, Yun Chen, and Yu Shu. 2023. "Similarities of Three Most Extreme Precipitation Events in North China" Atmosphere 14, no. 7: 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071149