Growth and K Nutrition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seedlings as Affected by Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations Ca, Mg, and K of Continuously Monocropped Soil from Upland Fields Converted Paddy
<p>(<b>a</b>) Plant height and (<b>b</b>) dry weight per plant of sesame plants as affected by the balancing of soil cation imbalance with inorganic adjustment and biochar addition. The error bars represent standard error (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different letters within each column are significantly different at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 at Tukey’s test.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Plant heights of sesame plants in the one-, two-, and four-year soils after harvest as affected by amelioration of soil cation imbalance with the inorganic fertilizer and biochar addition. CTL, control; A, balanced with additional fertilizer; and B, balanced with rice husk biochar.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Collection and Preparation
2.2. Balancing Soil Cations
2.3. Experiment Design, Sesame Cultivation, and Growth Determination
2.4. Plant and Soil Analysis
2.4.1. Plant K, Ca, and Mg Concentration and Uptake in Sesame Plants
2.4.2. Soil Exchangeable Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations on the Fresh Weight, SPAD Value, Plant Height, and Dry Weight of Sesame Seedlings
3.2. Effect of Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations on the K, Ca, and Mg Concentrations and the Uptake of Sesame Seedlings
3.3. Effect of Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations on the Soil Exchangeable Cations, Ratios, and Base Saturations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | K (mg kg−1) | Ca (mg kg−1) | Mg (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 171.4 | 1143 | 244.0 |
2 | 142.7 | 1432 | 320.3 |
4 | 114.1 | 1645 | 323.0 |
Year | CEC (cmolc kg−1) | mg/100 g Soil | Deficit or Surplus | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg 10a−1) | (kg ha−1) | |||||||||
CaO | MgO | K2O | CaO | MgO | K2O | CaO | MgO | K2O | ||
1 | 9.00 | 160 | 40.7 | 20.6 | 52 | 7.82 | 39.0 | 521 | 78.2 | 390 |
2 | 9.04 | 201 | 53.4 | 17.2 | −19 | −14.7 | 45.5 | −192 | −147 | 455 |
4 | 11.4 | 230 | 53.8 | 13.7 | 15 | 5.33 | 71.3 | 148 | 53.3 | 713 |
Year | (mg/100g DW Soil) | mg/pot (740 g DW Soil) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | MgO | K2O | CaO | MgO | K2O | |
1 | 28.9 | 4.35 | 21.7 | 214.1 | 32.2 | 160.3 |
2 | −10.7 | −8.18 | 25.3 | −78.8 | −60.6 | 187.2 |
4 | 8.22 | 2.96 | 39.6 | 60.8 | 21.9 | 293.3 |
Year | Treatment | SPAD Value | Fresh Weight (g/plant) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Control | 47.8 a | 15.4 a |
Fertilizer | 40.8 a | 16.0 a | |
Biochar | 45.4 a | 17.5 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | ns | ns | |
2 | Control | 43.1 a | 14.3 a |
Fertilizer | 42.5 a | 15.9 a | |
Biochar | 41.8 a | 16.2 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | ns | ns | |
4 | Control | 41.6 a | 10.0 b |
Fertilizer | 42.3 a | 13.5 ab | |
Biochar | 44.0 a | 15.5 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | ns | * | |
Source of variation | |||
Treatment (T) | ns | * | |
Year (Y) | ns | * | |
Y × T | ns | ns |
Year | Treatment | Concentration (%) | Uptake (mg/plant) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Ca | Mg | K | Ca | Mg | ||
1 | Control | 2.88 c | 1.95 a | 0.37 a | 62.0 b | 41.9 a | 8.01 a |
Fertilizer | 4.11 a | 1.90 a | 0.37 a | 85.3 a | 39.6 a | 7.78 a | |
Biochar | 3.71 b | 1.66 a | 0.43 a | 84.6 a | 38.3 a | 10.2 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | *** | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | |
2 | Control | 2.43 b | 1.95 a | 0.49 a | 44.6 b | 36.1 a | 9.87 a |
Fertilizer | 3.45 a | 1.92 ab | 0.35 a | 72.5 a | 40.2 a | 7.43 a | |
Biochar | 3.00 ab | 1.27 b | 0.43 a | 68.6 ab | 29.4 a | 9.73 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | * | * | ns | * | ns | ns | |
4 | Control | 2.92 b | 2.31 a | 0.56 a | 38.4 b | 30.3 a | 7.64 a |
Fertilizer | 3.63 a | 2.41 a | 0.40 a | 58.3 a | 38.8 a | 6.57 a | |
Biochar | 3.08 ab | 1.43 b | 0.36 a | 67.8 a | 31.2 a | 8.16 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | * | * | ns | ** | ns | ns | |
Source of variation | |||||||
Year (Y) | *** | *** | ns | *** | ns | ns | |
Treatment (T) | *** | * | ns | *** | ns | ns | |
T × Y | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Year | Treatment | Exchangeable Cations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
K (mg kg−1) | Ca (mg kg−1) | Mg (mg kg−1) | ||
1 | Control | 129.6 c | 2753 b | 281.7 a |
Fertilizer | 373.5 b | 3347 a | 296.5 a | |
Biochar | 647.5 a | 3329 a | 299.4 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | *** | ** | ns | |
2 | Control | 98.1 c | 3921 a | 352.0 a |
Fertilizer | 350.7 b | 3644 a | 343.4 a | |
Biochar | 763.1 a | 3302 b | 331.5 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | *** | ** | ns | |
4 | Control | 117.4 c | 5645 a | 373.5 a |
Fertilizer | 542.5 b | 6386 a | 386.8 a | |
Biochar | 1046.3 a | 4623 b | 333.9 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | *** | ** | ns | |
Source of variation | ||||
Year (Y) | *** | *** | * | |
Treatment (T) | *** | *** | ns | |
T × Y | *** | *** | ns |
Year | Treatment | Ca/K | Mg/K | Ca/Mg | CEC (cmolc kg−1) | K sat (%) | Ca sat (%) | Mg sat (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Control | 21.96 a | 2.26 a | 9.76 b | 13.41 a | 2.55 c | 103.5 a | 17.63 a |
Fertilizer | 9.10 b | 0.80 b | 11.33 a | 13.28 a | 7.26 b | 126.1 a | 18.62 a | |
Biochar | 5.18 b | 0.47 b | 11.12 ab | 13.81 a | 12.04 a | 121.5 a | 18.21 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | ** | *** | * | ns | *** | ns | ns | |
2 | Control | 42.29 a | 3.79 a | 11.15 a | 14.70 a | 1.74 c | 133.9 a | 20.03 a |
Fertilizer | 10.41 b | 0.98 b | 10.61 a | 12.84 a | 7.06 b | 142.6 a | 22.42 a | |
Biochar | 4.35 b | 0.44 b | 9.96 b | 13.21 a | 14.83 a | 125.3 a | 20.95 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | ** | ** | ** | ns | *** | ns | ns | |
4 | Control | 50.26 a | 3.33 a | 15.11 a | 14.89 a | 2.06 c | 191.5 ab | 21.09 a |
Fertilizer | 11.83 b | 0.72 b | 16.63 a | 14.05 a | 9.90 b | 227.3 a | 22.96 a | |
Biochar | 4.42 b | 0.32 b | 13.84 a | 14.94 a | 17.98 a | 154.6 b | 18.63 a | |
ANOVA (p values) | *** | *** | ns | ns | *** | ** | ns | |
Source of variation | ||||||||
Treatment (T) | *** | *** | * | ns | *** | *** | ||
Year (Y) | ** | ns | *** | ns | *** | *** | ** | |
Y*T | ** | ns | * | ns | *** | ** | ns |
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Wacal, C.; Ogata, N.; Basalirwa, D.; Sasagawa, D.; Masunaga, T.; Yamamoto, S.; Nishihara, E. Growth and K Nutrition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seedlings as Affected by Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations Ca, Mg, and K of Continuously Monocropped Soil from Upland Fields Converted Paddy. Agronomy 2019, 9, 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120819
Wacal C, Ogata N, Basalirwa D, Sasagawa D, Masunaga T, Yamamoto S, Nishihara E. Growth and K Nutrition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seedlings as Affected by Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations Ca, Mg, and K of Continuously Monocropped Soil from Upland Fields Converted Paddy. Agronomy. 2019; 9(12):819. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120819
Chicago/Turabian StyleWacal, Cosmas, Naoki Ogata, Daniel Basalirwa, Daisuke Sasagawa, Tsugiyuki Masunaga, Sadahiro Yamamoto, and Eiji Nishihara. 2019. "Growth and K Nutrition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seedlings as Affected by Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations Ca, Mg, and K of Continuously Monocropped Soil from Upland Fields Converted Paddy" Agronomy 9, no. 12: 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120819