Replication of Radial Pulses Using Magneto-Rheological Fluids
<p>Illustration of experimental set-up, including cam pulse generator, electromagnet, frictionless plunger assembly, and displacement sensor.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Empty MR fluid chamber with exposed silicone tubing; (<b>b</b>) fully assembled chamber filled with MR fluid and covered with film and lid.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Input duty values programmed in the micro-controller; (<b>b</b>) pulse width modulation (PWM) signal generated by the micro-controller; (<b>c</b>) resulting magnetic field from input PWM signal; and (<b>d</b>) age-dependent pulse generation measured by the laser displacement sensor.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Example of range of age-related in vivo radial pulse waveforms; (<b>b</b>) normalized pulse waveforms for ages 10–80.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) MR pulse-shaping cam; (<b>b</b>) pulse waveforms generated by baseline cam for (<b>c</b>) 20, 50, and 80-year-old normalized waveforms into which the base pulse waveform is shaped.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Target 20-year-old in vivo pulse to be shaped; (<b>b</b>) duty values and magnetic field used to shape the base pulse into a 20-year-old pulse; and (<b>c</b>) resulting displacement and experimental displacement compared with 20-year-old in vivo pulse.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Target 50-year-old in vivo pulse to be shaped; (<b>b</b>) duty values and magnetic field used to shape the base pulse into a 50-year-old pulse; and (<b>c</b>) resulting displacement and experimental displacement compared with 50-year-old in vivo pulse.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Target 80-year-old in vivo pulse to be shaped; (<b>b</b>) duty values and magnetic field used to shape the base pulse into an 80-year-old pulse; and (<b>c</b>) resulting displacement and experimental displacement compared with 80-year-old in vivo pulse.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Example of 5 slope zones analyzed in 80-year-old in vivo pulse; (<b>b</b>) 5 slopes that represent the 80-year-old in vivo pulse.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic design of half-cam, which maintains a constant radius for half of the disk; (<b>b</b>) normalized displacement graph of half-cam, illustrating constant displacement due to a constant radius.; (<b>c</b>) Fabricated actual half-cam using wire-cutting, (<b>d</b>) actual normalized displacement by half-cam.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Graph showing three different variables tested during parametric study: duty slope, time duration, and magnitude.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Results showing effect of changing duty slope on displacement slope. (<b>a</b>) Changing duty slope from 0.03%/s to 0.75%/s. (<b>b</b>) Resulting normalized displacement slope from changing duty slopes; displacement slopes are taken from within the boxed area.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Results showing effect of changing duty magnitude on displacement slope. (<b>a</b>) Changing initial duty value from 20 to 70%. (<b>b</b>) Normalized displacement from changing duty magnitude; displacement slopes are taken from within the boxed area.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Results showing effect of changing time duration on displacement slope. (<b>a</b>) Changing total time duration from 0.100 to 0.275 s. (<b>b</b>) Normalized displacement from changing duty magnitude; displacement slopes are taken from within the boxed area.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MR Pulse-Shaping Design and Technique
2.1. Experimental Set-Up
2.2. Working Principle
3. Experimental Evaluation of Pulse Shaping
3.1. Single-Cam Pulse Shaping
3.2. Results of Single-Cam Pulse Shaping
4. Slope-Based Pulse Shaping
Effects of Parametric Variations on Slope
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Eaton, M.; Koo, J.-H.; Yang, T.-H.; Kim, Y.-M. Replication of Radial Pulses Using Magneto-Rheological Fluids. Micromachines 2024, 15, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081010
Eaton M, Koo J-H, Yang T-H, Kim Y-M. Replication of Radial Pulses Using Magneto-Rheological Fluids. Micromachines. 2024; 15(8):1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081010
Chicago/Turabian StyleEaton, Miranda, Jeong-Hoi Koo, Tae-Heon Yang, and Young-Min Kim. 2024. "Replication of Radial Pulses Using Magneto-Rheological Fluids" Micromachines 15, no. 8: 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081010