Calibration of the Water Cloud Model at C-Band for Winter Crop Fields and Grasslands
"> Figure 1
<p>Location of our two study sites.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Observed backscattering coefficients from SAR images vs. modeled backscatter values from WCM. Results of the training phase were given in (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>). (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) correspond to validation phase. Mean of the difference between SAR and WCM and root mean square error were calculated.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Behavior of WCM components (σ<sup>0</sup><sub>veg</sub>, T<sup>2</sup>σ<sup>0</sup><sub>soil</sub>, and σ<sup>0</sup><sub>tot</sub>) in VV polarization according to <span class="html-italic">mv</span> for 25° and 40° incidence angles. The soil roughness <span class="html-italic">Hrms</span> was fixed to 2 cm. (<b>a</b>): θ = 25° and NDVI = 0.3; (<b>b</b>): θ = 25° and NDVI = 0.6; (<b>c</b>): θ = 25° and NDVI = 0.8; (<b>d</b>): θ = 40° and NDVI = 0.3; (<b>e</b>): θ = 40° and NDVI = 0.6; (<b>f</b>): θ = 40° and NDVI = 0.8.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Behavior of WCM components (σ<sup>0</sup><sub>veg</sub>, T<sup>2</sup>σ<sup>0</sup><sub>soil</sub>, and σ<sup>0</sup><sub>tot</sub>) in VH polarization according to <span class="html-italic">mv</span> for 25° and 40° incidence angles. The soil roughness <span class="html-italic">Hrms</span> was fixed to 2 cm. (<b>a</b>): θ = 25° and NDVI = 0.3; (<b>b</b>): θ = 25° and NDVI = 0.6; (<b>c</b>): θ = 25° and NDVI = 0.8; (<b>d</b>): θ = 40° and NDVI = 0.3; (<b>e</b>): θ = 40° and NDVI = 0.6; (<b>f</b>): θ = 40° and NDVI = 0.8.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Behavior of WCM components (σ<sup>0</sup><sub>veg</sub>, T<sup>2</sup>σ<sup>0</sup><sub>soil</sub>, and σ<sup>0</sup><sub>tot</sub>) in VV and VH polarizations according to NDVI for 25° and 40° incidence angles, <span class="html-italic">mv</span> = 20 vol %, and <span class="html-italic">Hrms</span> = 2 cm. (<b>a</b>): VV and θ = 25°; (<b>b</b>): VV and θ = 40°; (<b>c</b>): VH and θ = 25°; (<b>d</b>): VH and θ = 40°.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dataset Description
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Satellite Images
2.2.1. SAR Images
2.2.2. Optical Images
2.3. In Situ Measurements
3. Radar Signal Modeling
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Water Cloud Model Parameterization
4.2. Water Cloud Model Validation
4.3. Behavior of Different Components of the WCM
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | SAR Sensor | Optical Sensor | Year | Number of Data |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tunisian site: Training dataset | ASAR | Landsat | 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 | VV: 92 measurements |
Tunisian site: Training dataset | Sentinel-1 | Landsat | 2015, 2016, 2017 | VV: 68 measurements VH: 68 measurements |
French site: Validation dataset | Sentinel-1 | Sentinel-2 | 2016, 2017 | VV: 261 measurements VH: 261 measurements |
V1 = V2 = NDVI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polarization | Apq | Bpq | R2pq | RMSEpq (dB) | Biaspq (dB) | N |
pq = VV | 0.0950 | 0.5513 | 0.55 | 1.55 | 0.18 | 160 |
pq = VH | 0.0413 | 1.1662 | 0.63 | 1.30 | −0.17 | 68 |
VV (25°) | VV (40°) | |||||||
mv (vol %) | 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 |
NDVI | 0.70 | - | - | - | 0.51 | 0.65 | - | - |
VH (25°) | VH (40°) | |||||||
mv (vol %) | 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 |
NDVI | 0.27 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.41 |
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Baghdadi, N.; El Hajj, M.; Zribi, M.; Bousbih, S. Calibration of the Water Cloud Model at C-Band for Winter Crop Fields and Grasslands. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090969
Baghdadi N, El Hajj M, Zribi M, Bousbih S. Calibration of the Water Cloud Model at C-Band for Winter Crop Fields and Grasslands. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(9):969. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090969
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaghdadi, Nicolas, Mohammad El Hajj, Mehrez Zribi, and Safa Bousbih. 2017. "Calibration of the Water Cloud Model at C-Band for Winter Crop Fields and Grasslands" Remote Sensing 9, no. 9: 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090969