Near Real-Time Browsable Landsat-8 Imagery
"> Figure 1
<p>The Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 International Ground Stations and the Landsat Ground Network. (<a href="http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_ground_stations.php" target="_blank">http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_ground_stations.php</a>; browsed on 26 June 2016)</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Illustration of the benefits of using an summation intensity modulation (SSIM) pan-sharpened image. Comparison of (<b>a</b>) the true color composite of a Landsat-8 image taken on 11 February 2016 (band 2, 3, and 4 correspond to the blue, green, and red channels, respectively); (<b>b</b>) the pan-sharpened Landsat-8 image obtained by employing the technique of spectral summation intensity modulation; (<b>c</b>) enlarge of the red box shown in (<b>a</b>); (<b>d</b>) enlarge of the red box shown in (<b>b</b>); and (<b>e</b>) the aerial photo (25-cm resolution) of Tainan City taken on 8 February 2016.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Illustration of the benefits of using adaptive contrast enhancement (ACE) with an image. Comparison of the true color composite of a Landsat-8 image taken on 21 August 2016 (Scene ID: LC81180442016234LGN00) with (<b>a</b>) no enhancement; (<b>b</b>) linear stretch enhancement; (<b>c</b>) ACE with cloud masks not excluded; and (<b>d</b>) ACE with the cloud masks excluded.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Illustration displaying a Landsat-8 image at different levels of detail (LOD): (<b>a</b>) 8; (<b>b</b>) 10; (<b>c</b>) 12; and (<b>d</b>) 14.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Screen shot of Open Access Satellite Imagery Service (OASIS) (<a href="http://oasis.ncku.edu.tw/Landsat8" target="_blank">http://oasis.ncku.edu.tw/Landsat8</a>). The base map is the open street map.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>A barrier lake near Shangde Village in Taitung County found in the Landsat-8 image taken on (<b>a</b>) 29 July 2016. The same lake can still be identified in an earlier Landsat-8 image taken on (<b>b</b>) 13 July 2016, despite the heavy cloud coverage. No signs of the barrier lake, however, can be found in the Landsat-8 images taken earlier on (<b>c</b>) 27 June 2016; (<b>d</b>) 25 June 2015; (<b>e</b>) 8 July 2014; and (<b>f</b>) 21 July 2013. Each image has 151 × 141 pixels with a spatial resolution of 15 m. The center coordinates are (22°56’42.5’’E, 121°13’47.32’’N).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>A large-scale debris flow found in Zhongzhi Village, Wulai District, New Taipei City. (<b>a</b>) 29 July 2016; (<b>b</b>) 12 August 2015; (<b>c</b>) 25 June 2015; (<b>d</b>) 25 August 2014; (<b>e</b>) 26 November 2013; and (<b>f</b>) 16 April 2013. Each image has 266 × 285 pixels with a spatial resolution of 15 m. The center coordinates are (24°53′10.42′′E, 121°32′59.95′′N).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Example of rapidly responding to Typhoon Nepartak with near-real time Landsat-8 images: (<b>a</b>) Hualien County (27 June 2016, before-Nepartak); (<b>b</b>) Hualien County (13 July 2016, after-Nepartak); (<b>c</b>) Taitung County (27 June 2016, before-Nepartak); (<b>d</b>) Taitung County (13 July 2016, after-Nepartak). The area in the yellow box shown in (<b>d</b>) is investigated by (<b>e</b>) the high-spatial-resolution aerial photograph taken on 14 July 2016, and the green box shown in (<b>e</b>) is enlarged in (<b>f</b>). The high-spatial-resolution aerial photograph confirms the large-scale destruction of vegetation interpreted from the Landsat-8 image.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Landsat-8 Automatic Image Processing System
2.1. Decompression and USGS Fmask Algorithm of Cloud, Shadow, Snow, and Water Masks
2.2. Pan-Sharpening Technique of Spectral Summation Intensity Modulation
2.3. Adaptive Contrast Enhancement
2.4. Openlayers and Google Maps/Earth Compatible Superoverlay Technique
3. Results
3.1. Browsable Landsat-8 Images of Taiwan
3.2. Rapidly Access to Full Archive
3.3. Update in Near-Real Time
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Processing | Time (s) 1 |
---|---|
Decompression and United States Geological Survey (USGS) Function of mask (Fmask) algorithm | 92.68 |
Pan-sharpening technique of spectral summation intensity modulation | 12.50 |
Adaptive contrast enhancement | 20.83 |
Openlayers and Google Maps/Earth compatible superoverlay technique | 403.52 |
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Liu, C.-C.; Nakamura, R.; Ko, M.-H.; Matsuo, T.; Kato, S.; Yin, H.-Y.; Huang, C.-S. Near Real-Time Browsable Landsat-8 Imagery. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010079
Liu C-C, Nakamura R, Ko M-H, Matsuo T, Kato S, Yin H-Y, Huang C-S. Near Real-Time Browsable Landsat-8 Imagery. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(1):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010079
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Cheng-Chien, Ryosuke Nakamura, Ming-Hsun Ko, Tomoya Matsuo, Soushi Kato, Hsiao-Yuan Yin, and Chung-Shiou Huang. 2017. "Near Real-Time Browsable Landsat-8 Imagery" Remote Sensing 9, no. 1: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010079