A Novel Method to Simultaneously Measure Leaf Gas Exchange and Water Content
<p>(<b>a</b>) Analysis of silver birch leaf water content using a leaf gas analyzer, fitted with a light module above and a miniature hyperspectral sensor (NIRONE 2.0) beneath; (<b>b</b>) schematic of miniature hyperspectral sensor analysis of silver birch leaf water content; open circle is the approximate sensor measurement area.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The mean coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) and root mean square error (RMSE) for linear regression models developed between leaf reflectance of each wavelength (<span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis) and equivalent water thickness (EWT) for all four measured leaves after petiole removal. The shaded areas show wavelengths that were not sensitive to water vapor concentration (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Accuracy metrics for the estimation of equivalent water thickness using normalized ratio indices: (<b>a</b>) the mean of coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) and (<b>b</b>) the mean of root mean square error (RMSE) for each NRI for all four measured leaves after petiole removal. The wavelengths used for calculating each NRI are on <span class="html-italic">x</span>- and <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Observed and predicted equivalent water thickness (EWT, g m<sup>−2</sup>) of two silver birch leaves exposed to increasing VPD under constant levels of CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and light intensity after detaching the leaf from the branch. Prediction was made using reflectance at 1550 nm wavelength as a predictor. Reflectance wavelength was selected based on the lowest RMSE in the estimation of EWT. The line represents 1:1 relationship. The estimates were non-biased. Reflectance was transformed to EWT with coefficients of −4310.4 and −4631.1, and constants of 700.7 and 715.3 for leaves 1 and 2, respectively.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Variation in predicted equivalent water thickness (EWT, g m<sup>−2</sup>, black line) and measured transpiration (mmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, red line) under incremental increases in (<b>a,b</b>) vapor pressure deficit (VPD, blue line) and constant CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and light intensity, (<b>c</b>) CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and constant levels of VPD and light intensity (blue line), and (<b>d</b>) light intensity and constant levels of VPD and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (blue line). EWT was predicted using reflectance at 1550 nm wavelength; decreases in EWT and transpiration indicate the timing of leaf petiole removal. A moving average of three measurements was used to filter noise.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Design
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
VPD (Leaf 1) | VPD (Leaf 2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wavelength | R2 | RMSE (g m−2) | Wavelength | R2 | RMSE (g m−2) |
1880 | 0.983 | 0.409 | 1595 | 0.989 | 0.274 |
1935 | 0.983 | 0.415 | 1615 | 0.988 | 0.285 |
1840 | 0.981 | 0.431 | 1870 | 0.988 | 0.287 |
1550 | 0.981 | 0.432 | 1610 | 0.988 | 0.289 |
1555 | 0.981 | 0.434 | 1555 | 0.987 | 0.297 |
1845 | 0.979 | 0.452 | 1580 | 0.987 | 0.300 |
1850 | 0.979 | 0.455 | 1560 | 0.987 | 0.300 |
1815 | 0.979 | 0.459 | 1585 | 0.987 | 0.300 |
1560 | 0.978 | 0.461 | 1575 | 0.986 | 0.302 |
1855 | 0.978 | 0.468 | 1625 | 0.986 | 0.307 |
CO2 (Leaf 3) | Light (Leaf 4) | ||||
Wavelength | R2 | RMSE (g m−2) | Wavelength | R2 | RMSE (g m−2) |
1610 | 0.999 | 0.356 | 1860 | 0.993 | 0.272 |
1550 | 0.999 | 0.363 | 1855 | 0.993 | 0.275 |
1575 | 0.999 | 0.385 | 1875 | 0.993 | 0.279 |
1865 | 0.999 | 0.386 | 1760 | 0.993 | 0.291 |
1625 | 0.999 | 0.388 | 1835 | 0.992 | 0.296 |
1620 | 0.999 | 0.389 | 1805 | 0.992 | 0.297 |
1600 | 0.999 | 0.390 | 1840 | 0.992 | 0.298 |
1875 | 0.999 | 0.391 | 1845 | 0.992 | 0.304 |
1835 | 0.999 | 0.393 | 1825 | 0.992 | 0.309 |
1850 | 0.999 | 0.398 | 1865 | 0.991 | 0.311 |
VPD (Leaf 1) | VPD (Leaf 2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
γ1 | γ2 | R2 | RMSE (g m−2) | γ1 | γ2 | R2 | RMSE (g m−2) |
1935 | 1690 | 0.938 | 0.783 | 1940 | 1715 | 0.867 | 0.949 |
1935 | 1750 | 0.935 | 0.802 | 1950 | 1715 | 0.857 | 0.982 |
1935 | 1730 | 0.929 | 0.838 | 1950 | 1735 | 0.855 | 0.989 |
1935 | 1720 | 0.927 | 0.850 | 1950 | 1740 | 0.839 | 1.044 |
1935 | 1660 | 0.921 | 0.885 | 1950 | 1695 | 0.838 | 1.048 |
1935 | 1680 | 0.920 | 0.889 | 1940 | 1640 | 0.837 | 1.051 |
1935 | 1740 | 0.918 | 0.898 | 1950 | 1710 | 0.834 | 1.060 |
1935 | 1710 | 0.909 | 0.947 | 1940 | 1655 | 0.831 | 1.070 |
1935 | 1695 | 0.908 | 0.952 | 1940 | 1710 | 0.831 | 1.070 |
1935 | 1640 | 0.907 | 0.957 | 1940 | 1675 | 0.830 | 1.071 |
CO2 (Leaf 3) | Light (Leaf 4) | ||||||
γ1 | γ2 | R2 | RMSE (g m−2) | γ1 | γ2 | R2 | RMSE (g m−2) |
1890 | 1665 | 0.985 | 1.483 | 1950 | 1665 | 0.943 | 0.803 |
1880 | 1670 | 0.985 | 1.487 | 1950 | 1710 | 0.943 | 0.805 |
1880 | 1675 | 0.985 | 1.511 | 1950 | 1695 | 0.943 | 0.805 |
1880 | 1700 | 0.984 | 1.529 | 1950 | 1610 | 0.942 | 0.808 |
1890 | 1735 | 0.984 | 1.538 | 1950 | 1685 | 0.942 | 0.812 |
1890 | 1730 | 0.984 | 1.539 | 1950 | 1765 | 0.941 | 0.817 |
1890 | 1675 | 0.984 | 1.542 | 1950 | 1700 | 0.940 | 0.823 |
1880 | 1695 | 0.984 | 1.558 | 1945 | 1715 | 0.940 | 0.825 |
1870 | 1655 | 0.984 | 1.570 | 1945 | 1770 | 0.940 | 0.827 |
1890 | 1680 | 0.983 | 1.577 | 1915 | 1695 | 0.940 | 0.828 |
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VPD Manipulation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Increment | VPD (Pa kPa−1) | CO2 (ppm) | Light (µmol m−2 s−1) |
1 | 5 | 400 | 1200 |
2 | 10 | 400 | 1200 |
3 | 15 | 400 | 1200 |
4 | 22 | 400 | 1200 |
5 | 32 | 400 | 1200 |
6 | 45 | 400 | 1200 |
CO2 Manipulation | |||
Increment | VPD (Pa kPa−1) | CO2 (ppm) | Light (µmol m−2 s−1) |
1 | 22 | 500 | 1200 |
2 | 22 | 350 | 1200 |
3 | 22 | 250 | 1200 |
4 | 22 | 150 | 1200 |
5 | 22 | 50 | 1200 |
Light Manipulation | |||
Increment | VPD (Pa kPa−1) | CO2 (ppm) | Light (µmol m−2 s−1) |
1 | 22 | 400 | 0 |
2 | 22 | 400 | 200 |
3 | 22 | 400 | 400 |
4 | 22 | 400 | 600 |
5 | 22 | 400 | 800 |
6 | 22 | 400 | 1000 |
7 | 22 | 400 | 1200 |
8 | 22 | 400 | 1400 |
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Junttila, S.; Hölttä, T.; Salmon, Y.; Filella, I.; Peñuelas, J. A Novel Method to Simultaneously Measure Leaf Gas Exchange and Water Content. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3693. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153693
Junttila S, Hölttä T, Salmon Y, Filella I, Peñuelas J. A Novel Method to Simultaneously Measure Leaf Gas Exchange and Water Content. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(15):3693. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153693
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunttila, Samuli, Teemu Hölttä, Yann Salmon, Iolanda Filella, and Josep Peñuelas. 2022. "A Novel Method to Simultaneously Measure Leaf Gas Exchange and Water Content" Remote Sensing 14, no. 15: 3693. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153693