Linkage among School Performance, Housing Prices, and Residential Mobility
<p>Linkages among Academic Achievement, Housing Prices, and Residential Relocation.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>LISA Analysis with respect to (<b>a</b>) Access to Private Tutoring Services; (<b>b</b>) School Performance; (<b>c</b>) Housing Prices; and (<b>d</b>) Ratio of Short-distance In-migration.</p> "> Figure 2 Cont.
<p>LISA Analysis with respect to (<b>a</b>) Access to Private Tutoring Services; (<b>b</b>) School Performance; (<b>c</b>) Housing Prices; and (<b>d</b>) Ratio of Short-distance In-migration.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Reviews
3. Analysis
3.1. Conceptual Framework
3.2. Model Specification
3.3. Estimation
3.4. Discussion
4. Summary and Further Research Agenda
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Equation | |||
---|---|---|---|
School Performance: SCORE | Housing Prices: ln(PRICE) | Population In-Migration: ln(IN_MIG) | |
Validity of IVs (H0: IVs are weak) | 191.169 *** | 52.826 *** | 38.156 *** |
Appendix B
Model | Dependent Variable | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
School Performance: SCORE | Housing Prices: ln(PRICE) | Population In-Migration: ln(IN_MIG) | ||||||||
(1) OLS | Intercept | 0.874 | *** | (0.212) | 5.825 | *** | (0.195) | −5.629 | *** | (0.747) |
ln(SHORT) | −0.077 | *** | (0.023) | |||||||
ln(TUTOR) | 0.067 | *** | (0.012) | |||||||
ln(WEALTH) | 0.143 | *** | (0.017) | |||||||
SCORE | 0.797 | *** | (0.064) | |||||||
ln(IN_MIG) | 0.079 | (0.051) | ||||||||
DIST | −0.028 | *** | (0.005) | |||||||
TRANS | 0.065 | ** | (0.027) | |||||||
SPORTS | 0.006 | ** | (0.003) | |||||||
PARK | 0.019 | *** | (0.005) | |||||||
ln(OUT_MIG) | −0.105 | *** | (0.038) | |||||||
ln(PRICE) | 0.082 | (0.098) | ||||||||
SCORE | −0.274 | * | (0.155) | |||||||
ln(MANU) | −0.022 | (0.037) | ||||||||
ln(SERV) | 0.165 | *** | (0.051) | |||||||
ln(HOUSING) | 1.233 | *** | (0.055) | |||||||
WH (F-test) ** | 10.834 *** | 3.095 *** | ||||||||
DWH (χ-test) ** | 10.781 *** | 3.128 *** | ||||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.222 | 0.542 | 0.635 | |||||||
(2) 3SLS | Intercept | 0.984 | *** | (0.201) | 5.791 | *** | (0.236) | 0.623 | (2.07) | |
ln(SHORT) | −0.085 | *** | (0.022) | |||||||
ln(TUTOR) | 0.059 | *** | (0.012) | |||||||
ln(WEALTH) | 0.123 | *** | (0.017) | |||||||
SCORE | 1.511 | *** | (0.118) | |||||||
ln(IN_MIG) | 0.034 | (0.061) | ||||||||
DIST | −0.019 | *** | (0.005) | |||||||
TRANS | 0.046 | (0.028) | ||||||||
SPORTS | 0.005 | ** | (0.003) | |||||||
PARK | 0.006 | (0.006) | ||||||||
ln(OUT_MIG) | −0.120 | * | (0.07) | |||||||
ln(PRICE) | −1.040 | *** | (0.344) | |||||||
ln(SCORE) | 0.829 | (0.571) | ||||||||
ln(MANU) | −0.030 | (0.042) | ||||||||
ln(SERV) | 0.261 | *** | (0.057) | |||||||
ln(HOUSING) | 1.114 | *** | (0.073) | |||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.221 | 0.501 | 0.513 |
Model | Variable | Moran’s I | LM Error | LM Lag | LM Error IV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OLS | SCORE | 0.176 *** | 28.349 *** | 142.097 *** | - |
ln(PRICE) | 0.159 *** | 23.313 *** | 692.812 *** | - | |
ln(IN_MIG) | 0.178 *** | 28.955 *** | 63.535 *** | - | |
IV regression | SCORE | 0.153 *** | - | - | 21.594 *** |
ln(PRICE) | 0.102 *** | - | - | 9.531 *** | |
ln(I) | 0.048 *** | - | - | 2.613 *** |
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Variable | Description | Mean | Median | Std.dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Academic performance (SCORE) | The odds-ratio of students in a school who achieved above average levels in Korean, Mathematics, and English to those who achieved average and below average level | 0.621 | 0.580 | 0.214 |
Housing prices (PRICE) | One-year average of medium housing prices per square meter (unit: 1000 USD) | 3.849 | 3.444 | 1.442 |
Population in-migration (IN-MIG) 1 | Population inflow excluding those from neighboring towns and intra-town residential change (unit: 1000 people) | 1.135 | 0.949 | 1.054 |
Short-distance residential relocation (SHORT) 1 | The frequency of residential move within its own and bordering towns (unit: 1000 people) | 1.929 | 1.877 | 0.834 |
Access to private tutoring services (TUTOR) 2 | The number of workers from private tutoring industries (unit: 1000 people) | 0.088 | 0.058 | 0.106 |
Family wealth (WEALTH) | Average property tax per household (unit: 1000 USD) | 0.450 | 0.308 | 0.320 |
Distance from sub-centers (DIST) | Minimum of Euclidean distances from five sub-centers of Seoul to the town (unit: 1 km) | 5.175 | 4.853 | 2.718 |
Access to public transport (TRANS) | Ratio of area located within 500 m from a subway station to the total area of the town | 0.478 | 0.361 | 0.469 |
Endowment of public sports facilities (SPORTS) | The number of public sports facilities available within 1000 m from the town | 6.870 | 6.000 | 4.516 |
Endowment of parks (PARK) | The number of parks available within 1000 m from the town | 2.371 | 2.000 | 2.654 |
Population out-migration (OUT-MIG) 1 | Population outflow from the town (unit: 1000 people) | 2.095 | 2.032 | 0.884 |
Workplace proximity (CTIME) | Average commuting time of current residents (unit: 1 min) | 37.415 | 37.593 | 4.570 |
Scale of local manufacturing sectors (MANU) 2 | Manufacturing sector employment in its own and bordering spatial units (unit: 1000 people) | 1.228 | 0.754 | 2.197 |
Scale of local service sectors (SERV) 2 | Service sector employment in its own and bordering spatial units (unit: 1000 people) | 18.838 | 13.055 | 17.264 |
Scale of local housing market (HOUSING) | The number of housing units (unit: 1000 EA) | 6.242 | 5.969 | 2.594 |
Dependent Variable | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
School Performance: SCORE | Housing Prices: ln(PRICE) | Population In-Migration: ln(IN_MIG) | |||||||
Intercept | 0.357 | ** | (0.183) | 4.549 | *** | (0.441) | −0.225 | * | (0.874) |
SHORT 1 | −0.063 | *** | (0.020) | ||||||
ln(TUTOR) | 0.035 | *** | (0.009) | ||||||
ln(WEALTH) | 0.088 | *** | (0.016) | ||||||
SCORE | 1.261 | *** | (0.069) | ||||||
ln(IN_MIG) 3 | 0.014 | (0.032) | |||||||
DIST | −0.018 | *** | (0.005) | ||||||
TRANS | 0.047 | * | (0.028) | ||||||
SPORTS | 0.004 | (0.003) | |||||||
PARK | 0.007 | (0.011) | |||||||
ln(OUT_MIG) | −0.089 | ** | (0.043) | ||||||
ln(PRICE) 2 | −1.079 | *** | (0.114) | ||||||
SCORE | 1.022 | *** | (0.180) | ||||||
CTIME | −0.006 | (0.007) | |||||||
ln(MANU) | −0.038 | (0.044) | |||||||
ln(SERV) | 0.262 | *** | (0.061) | ||||||
ln(HOUSING) | 1.120 | *** | (0.068) | ||||||
Spatial lag (ρ) | 0.827 | *** | (0.070) | 0.320 | *** | (0.065) | 0.154 | ** | (0.066) |
Λ | −0.417 | *** | (0.028) | −0.093 | *** | (0.049) | 0.036 | (0.187) | |
Quasi-R2 | 0.294 | 0.539 | 0.565 |
Equation | Variables | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Total Effects | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
School performance: ln(SCORE) | ln(SHORT) | −0.081 | *** | (0.024) | −0.232 | ** | (0.087) | −0.313 | *** | (0.106) |
ln(TUTOR) | 0.045 | *** | (0.011) | 0.128 | ** | (0.043) | 0.173 | *** | (0.050) | |
ln(WEALTH) | 0.113 | *** | (0.019) | 0.324 | *** | (0.091) | 0.437 | *** | (0.101) | |
Housing prices: ln(PRICE) | ln(SCORE) | 1.281 | *** | (0.175) | 0.031 | * | (0.017) | 1.311 | *** | (0.250) |
ln(IN_MIG) | 0.015 | (0.140) | 0.006 | (0.039) | 0.021 | (0.024) | ||||
DIST | −0.017 | (0.022) | −0.001 | (0.004) | −0.025 | (0.124) | ||||
TRANS | 0.046 | (0.117) | 0.024 | (0.039) | 0.077 | (0.126) | ||||
SPORTS | 0.005 | (0.012) | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.005 | (0.012) | ||||
PARK | 0.006 | (0.048) | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.004 | (0.043) | ||||
ln(OUT_MIG) | −0.098 | (0.193) | 0.000 | (0.000) | −0.125 | (0.220) | ||||
Population in-migration: ln(IN_MIG) | ln(PRICE) | −1.086 | *** | (0.102) | −0.192 | *** | (0.018) | −1.278 | *** | (0.120) |
ln(SCORE) | 1.033 | *** | (0.182) | 0.182 | *** | (0.030) | 1.216 | *** | (0.197) | |
ln(MANU) | −0.038 | (0.040) | −0.007 | (0.007) | −0.044 | (0.047) | ||||
ln(SERV) | 0.263 | *** | (0.054) | 0.046 | *** | (0.010) | 0.310 | *** | (0.064) | |
ln(HOUSING) | 1.123 | *** | (0.057) | 0.198 | *** | (0.010) | 1.321 | *** | (0.067) |
Direct Channel (A) | Indirect Channel (B) | Change in Total (A + B) | |
---|---|---|---|
Housing prices | 1.311% | 0.044% (1.216% × 0.036%) | 1.355% |
Residentialin-migration | 1.216% | −1.675% (1.311% × −1.278%) | −0.460% |
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Yi, Y.; Kim, E.; Choi, E. Linkage among School Performance, Housing Prices, and Residential Mobility. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061075
Yi Y, Kim E, Choi E. Linkage among School Performance, Housing Prices, and Residential Mobility. Sustainability. 2017; 9(6):1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061075
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi, Yoojin, Euijune Kim, and Eunjin Choi. 2017. "Linkage among School Performance, Housing Prices, and Residential Mobility" Sustainability 9, no. 6: 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061075