Public Open Space Development for Elderly People by Using the DANP-V Model to Establish Continuous Improvement Strategies towards a Sustainable and Healthy Aging Society
<p>Constructing environmental attributes.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Model procedure for new multiple criteria decision making for creating the best sustainable improvement strategies.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The plan of the main campus of HIT.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Images of the POS.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The INRM (influential network relation map) of total influence relationships.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Constructing Evaluation Attributes of POS and Research Procedure
2.1. New POS and Healthy Aging
2.2. Continuous Improvement Strategies for POS for Healthy Aging
2.3. Mechanisms and Environmental Attribute Construction
2.4. Pretest of Indictors
2.5. Evaluation Methods for POS
2.6. Research Procedures
3. Empirical Case
3.1. Empirical Case Description
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Result and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Research Steps
Appendix A.1. DEMATEL Technique
Appendix A.2. DANP Technique
Appendix A.3. Modified VIKOR Method
- (1)
- The traditional approach for deriving the positive ideal solution and negative ideal solution is as follows:The positive ideal solution: where ;The negative ideal solution: where This approach can only be used for the ranking and selection of alternatives and must be used for more than two alternatives, and when .
- (2)
- The modified approach for replacement by the aspiration level and the worst value is , as follows:The aspiration level: , where is an aspiration level, or called the best value;The worst values: , where is a worst value.
Appendix B. Results in Detail
Criteria | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C15 | C21 | C22 | C23 | C24 | C25 | C31 | C32 | C33 | C34 | C35 | C36 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C11 | 0.000 | 0.889 | 1.556 | 1.000 | 0.444 | 0.333 | 0.778 | 0.556 | 0.111 | 1.333 | 0.333 | 1.222 | 0.333 | 0.556 | 0.667 | 0.333 |
C12 | 2.000 | 0.000 | 2.333 | 3.111 | 2.000 | 0.778 | 2.111 | 2.222 | 0.444 | 1.111 | 0.667 | 2.444 | 1.556 | 0.889 | 2.778 | 1.000 |
C13 | 2.444 | 3.556 | 0.000 | 2.778 | 2.333 | 2.111 | 2.111 | 2.000 | 0.333 | 2.222 | 2.889 | 3.000 | 2.667 | 1.556 | 2.889 | 0.667 |
C14 | 2.222 | 3.667 | 3.222 | 0.000 | 1.778 | 1.333 | 1.889 | 2.222 | 1.222 | 1.444 | 2.889 | 3.556 | 2.111 | 2.667 | 2.111 | 1.111 |
C15 | 1.889 | 1.889 | 2.000 | 1.222 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2.556 | 2.778 | 0.333 | 2.111 | 1.778 | 1.444 | 1.556 | 1.889 | 2.889 | 1.444 |
C21 | 1.111 | 1.667 | 1.444 | 1.667 | 2.111 | 0.000 | 2.889 | 2.111 | 1.222 | 2.778 | 2.556 | 1.222 | 3.556 | 3.000 | 2.000 | 1.667 |
C22 | 2.111 | 2.889 | 2.667 | 2.556 | 1.889 | 3.667 | 0.000 | 3.111 | 3.000 | 2.556 | 3.333 | 3.222 | 2.889 | 3.556 | 2.444 | 2.000 |
C23 | 1.889 | 2.444 | 2.333 | 2.556 | 2.000 | 2.667 | 2.889 | 0.000 | 2.667 | 2.556 | 3.556 | 2.444 | 2.111 | 3.111 | 1.667 | 3.111 |
C24 | 0.667 | 0.444 | 1.444 | 0.556 | 1.000 | 1.111 | 2.444 | 2.444 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2.444 | 1.333 | 1.556 | 1.333 | 1.111 | 0.778 |
C25 | 1.000 | 1.444 | 0.889 | 0.889 | 1.444 | 2.556 | 1.889 | 2.333 | 0.667 | 0.000 | 1.778 | 1.556 | 1.111 | 0.889 | 0.667 | 3.222 |
C31 | 0.667 | 0.222 | 1.333 | 1.000 | 1.778 | 1.333 | 2.000 | 2.222 | 0.778 | 2.222 | 0.000 | 2.889 | 2.111 | 2.222 | 1.778 | 0.667 |
C32 | 1.222 | 1.889 | 1.556 | 1.667 | 2.111 | 0.778 | 1.333 | 1.000 | 0.111 | 0.333 | 2.667 | 0.000 | 2.778 | 2.222 | 2.444 | 1.000 |
C33 | 1.889 | 0.778 | 1.778 | 2.444 | 2.000 | 3.667 | 3.222 | 1.667 | 1.444 | 1.000 | 2.778 | 2.444 | 0.000 | 2.889 | 2.778 | 1.333 |
C34 | 1.111 | 0.333 | 1.111 | 1.556 | 2.222 | 1.333 | 2.556 | 1.778 | 1.222 | 1.556 | 2.111 | 1.111 | 1.333 | 0.000 | 1.556 | 0.444 |
C35 | 1.222 | 2.778 | 2.667 | 2.444 | 2.000 | 2.667 | 2.889 | 1.889 | 2.000 | 0.778 | 2.667 | 2.556 | 1.778 | 2.667 | 0.000 | 1.778 |
C36 | 2.111 | 1.778 | 1.111 | 1.778 | 2.111 | 2.444 | 1.667 | 1.778 | 0.444 | 3.000 | 2.111 | 0.556 | 1.000 | 1.444 | 2.222 | 0.000 |
Criteria | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C15 | C21 | C22 | C23 | C24 | C25 | C31 | C32 | C33 | C34 | C35 | C36 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C11 | 0.029 | 0.055 | 0.069 | 0.057 | 0.044 | 0.041 | 0.056 | 0.048 | 0.022 | 0.061 | 0.049 | 0.067 | 0.043 | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.033 |
C12 | 0.116 | 0.083 | 0.136 | 0.152 | 0.125 | 0.100 | 0.143 | 0.136 | 0.060 | 0.100 | 0.117 | 0.149 | 0.120 | 0.113 | 0.151 | 0.084 |
C13 | 0.143 | 0.180 | 0.103 | 0.166 | 0.154 | 0.150 | 0.169 | 0.155 | 0.069 | 0.144 | 0.190 | 0.186 | 0.167 | 0.152 | 0.177 | 0.093 |
C14 | 0.136 | 0.180 | 0.173 | 0.102 | 0.141 | 0.130 | 0.162 | 0.158 | 0.087 | 0.125 | 0.189 | 0.196 | 0.153 | 0.173 | 0.159 | 0.099 |
C15 | 0.115 | 0.126 | 0.130 | 0.113 | 0.083 | 0.110 | 0.157 | 0.153 | 0.061 | 0.127 | 0.145 | 0.129 | 0.122 | 0.138 | 0.156 | 0.098 |
C21 | 0.107 | 0.129 | 0.128 | 0.134 | 0.144 | 0.100 | 0.180 | 0.152 | 0.088 | 0.153 | 0.178 | 0.138 | 0.179 | 0.178 | 0.150 | 0.112 |
C22 | 0.153 | 0.184 | 0.184 | 0.182 | 0.168 | 0.208 | 0.150 | 0.204 | 0.143 | 0.174 | 0.231 | 0.214 | 0.197 | 0.222 | 0.191 | 0.139 |
C23 | 0.139 | 0.164 | 0.165 | 0.170 | 0.158 | 0.175 | 0.199 | 0.123 | 0.129 | 0.165 | 0.221 | 0.184 | 0.167 | 0.198 | 0.161 | 0.155 |
C24 | 0.069 | 0.071 | 0.096 | 0.076 | 0.086 | 0.092 | 0.131 | 0.124 | 0.040 | 0.083 | 0.136 | 0.103 | 0.103 | 0.105 | 0.094 | 0.067 |
C25 | 0.083 | 0.101 | 0.089 | 0.090 | 0.103 | 0.130 | 0.126 | 0.128 | 0.058 | 0.068 | 0.128 | 0.113 | 0.099 | 0.101 | 0.092 | 0.127 |
C31 | 0.077 | 0.076 | 0.103 | 0.096 | 0.114 | 0.106 | 0.133 | 0.129 | 0.064 | 0.118 | 0.093 | 0.148 | 0.125 | 0.135 | 0.120 | 0.072 |
C32 | 0.090 | 0.112 | 0.108 | 0.111 | 0.120 | 0.091 | 0.117 | 0.101 | 0.047 | 0.075 | 0.149 | 0.083 | 0.138 | 0.133 | 0.135 | 0.075 |
C33 | 0.126 | 0.115 | 0.140 | 0.153 | 0.144 | 0.183 | 0.191 | 0.145 | 0.095 | 0.117 | 0.188 | 0.168 | 0.106 | 0.181 | 0.170 | 0.104 |
C34 | 0.083 | 0.074 | 0.093 | 0.102 | 0.117 | 0.100 | 0.138 | 0.115 | 0.071 | 0.100 | 0.133 | 0.104 | 0.102 | 0.078 | 0.109 | 0.063 |
C35 | 0.115 | 0.161 | 0.161 | 0.157 | 0.147 | 0.161 | 0.185 | 0.153 | 0.107 | 0.113 | 0.187 | 0.174 | 0.148 | 0.176 | 0.111 | 0.115 |
C36 | 0.114 | 0.116 | 0.103 | 0.117 | 0.125 | 0.134 | 0.131 | 0.125 | 0.058 | 0.142 | 0.143 | 0.102 | 0.104 | 0.121 | 0.134 | 0.061 |
Dimensions | D1 | D2 | D3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility (D1) | 0.116 | 0.109 | 0.125 | 0.350 | 0.359 | 0.709 | −0.009 |
Nature enjoyments (D2) | 0.127 | 0.133 | 0.149 | 0.409 | 0.360 | 0.769 | 0.049 |
Social interaction (D3) | 0.116 | 0.118 | 0.125 | 0.358 | 0.399 | 0.757 | −0.041 |
Criteria | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Legibility (C11) | 0.252 | 0.539 | 0.791 | −0.286 |
Interior to exterior connection (C12) | 0.612 | 0.623 | 1.235 | −0.011 |
Barrier-free sidewalks (C13) | 0.746 | 0.610 | 1.356 | 0.135 |
Route pattern (C14) | 0.733 | 0.589 | 1.322 | 0.143 |
Sufficient lighting (C15) | 0.567 | 0.548 | 1.114 | 0.019 |
High-density vegetation (C21) | 0.674 | 0.704 | 1.378 | −0.029 |
High-quality vegetation (C22) | 0.879 | 0.786 | 1.665 | 0.093 |
Water features (C23) | 0.791 | 0.732 | 1.523 | 0.059 |
Waste arrangement (C24) | 0.471 | 0.459 | 0.929 | 0.012 |
Natural art design (C25) | 0.510 | 0.645 | 1.155 | −0.134 |
Seats on pathways (C31) | 0.693 | 0.893 | 1.586 | −0.200 |
Access to life facilities (C32) | 0.714 | 0.778 | 1.492 | −0.064 |
Co-maintenance spaces (C33) | 0.917 | 0.723 | 1.639 | 0.194 |
Intimate seating (C34) | 0.588 | 0.824 | 1.413 | −0.236 |
Multifunctional space (C35) | 0.910 | 0.779 | 1.689 | 0.131 |
Historical and cultural heritage (C36) | 0.664 | 0.490 | 1.154 | 0.174 |
Criteria | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C15 | C21 | C22 | C23 | C24 | C25 | C31 | C32 | C33 | C34 | C35 | C36 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C11 | 0.114 | 0.189 | 0.191 | 0.186 | 0.203 | 0.167 | 0.176 | 0.175 | 0.173 | 0.178 | 0.166 | 0.166 | 0.186 | 0.176 | 0.155 | 0.198 |
C12 | 0.216 | 0.135 | 0.241 | 0.246 | 0.222 | 0.201 | 0.212 | 0.206 | 0.179 | 0.216 | 0.164 | 0.207 | 0.169 | 0.158 | 0.218 | 0.202 |
C13 | 0.273 | 0.222 | 0.138 | 0.236 | 0.229 | 0.200 | 0.211 | 0.207 | 0.240 | 0.191 | 0.221 | 0.200 | 0.206 | 0.199 | 0.218 | 0.179 |
C14 | 0.225 | 0.248 | 0.222 | 0.139 | 0.200 | 0.208 | 0.209 | 0.213 | 0.191 | 0.194 | 0.205 | 0.205 | 0.226 | 0.217 | 0.212 | 0.204 |
C15 | 0.173 | 0.205 | 0.207 | 0.193 | 0.147 | 0.224 | 0.193 | 0.199 | 0.217 | 0.221 | 0.244 | 0.222 | 0.213 | 0.250 | 0.198 | 0.217 |
C21 | 0.180 | 0.185 | 0.218 | 0.197 | 0.181 | 0.149 | 0.236 | 0.221 | 0.195 | 0.254 | 0.193 | 0.212 | 0.250 | 0.191 | 0.224 | 0.228 |
C22 | 0.246 | 0.265 | 0.246 | 0.244 | 0.259 | 0.268 | 0.170 | 0.252 | 0.278 | 0.246 | 0.242 | 0.272 | 0.261 | 0.264 | 0.257 | 0.221 |
C23 | 0.211 | 0.253 | 0.225 | 0.238 | 0.252 | 0.226 | 0.232 | 0.156 | 0.264 | 0.252 | 0.234 | 0.234 | 0.199 | 0.219 | 0.212 | 0.212 |
C24 | 0.096 | 0.111 | 0.101 | 0.132 | 0.100 | 0.131 | 0.163 | 0.163 | 0.086 | 0.114 | 0.116 | 0.108 | 0.130 | 0.135 | 0.149 | 0.098 |
C25 | 0.266 | 0.185 | 0.209 | 0.189 | 0.209 | 0.227 | 0.198 | 0.209 | 0.177 | 0.134 | 0.215 | 0.173 | 0.160 | 0.190 | 0.158 | 0.241 |
C31 | 0.168 | 0.159 | 0.197 | 0.195 | 0.184 | 0.190 | 0.193 | 0.203 | 0.224 | 0.193 | 0.134 | 0.209 | 0.205 | 0.227 | 0.205 | 0.216 |
C32 | 0.227 | 0.203 | 0.193 | 0.202 | 0.164 | 0.147 | 0.179 | 0.169 | 0.170 | 0.171 | 0.213 | 0.117 | 0.183 | 0.176 | 0.191 | 0.153 |
C33 | 0.146 | 0.163 | 0.173 | 0.158 | 0.155 | 0.192 | 0.165 | 0.154 | 0.169 | 0.150 | 0.181 | 0.193 | 0.116 | 0.173 | 0.163 | 0.156 |
C34 | 0.170 | 0.154 | 0.157 | 0.179 | 0.176 | 0.190 | 0.186 | 0.183 | 0.172 | 0.153 | 0.195 | 0.186 | 0.197 | 0.133 | 0.193 | 0.182 |
C35 | 0.177 | 0.206 | 0.184 | 0.164 | 0.197 | 0.160 | 0.160 | 0.149 | 0.155 | 0.140 | 0.173 | 0.190 | 0.186 | 0.185 | 0.122 | 0.201 |
C36 | 0.113 | 0.114 | 0.096 | 0.102 | 0.124 | 0.120 | 0.117 | 0.143 | 0.110 | 0.193 | 0.104 | 0.105 | 0.114 | 0.106 | 0.126 | 0.091 |
Criteria | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C15 | C21 | C22 | C23 | C24 | C25 | C31 | C32 | C33 | C34 | C35 | C36 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C11 | 0.038 | 0.063 | 0.064 | 0.062 | 0.067 | 0.052 | 0.055 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.055 | 0.053 | 0.054 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.050 | 0.064 |
C12 | 0.072 | 0.045 | 0.080 | 0.082 | 0.074 | 0.062 | 0.066 | 0.064 | 0.055 | 0.067 | 0.053 | 0.067 | 0.055 | 0.051 | 0.070 | 0.065 |
C13 | 0.091 | 0.074 | 0.046 | 0.078 | 0.076 | 0.062 | 0.065 | 0.064 | 0.075 | 0.059 | 0.071 | 0.064 | 0.066 | 0.064 | 0.070 | 0.058 |
C14 | 0.075 | 0.083 | 0.074 | 0.046 | 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.066 | 0.059 | 0.060 | 0.066 | 0.066 | 0.073 | 0.070 | 0.068 | 0.066 |
C15 | 0.057 | 0.068 | 0.069 | 0.064 | 0.049 | 0.069 | 0.060 | 0.062 | 0.067 | 0.069 | 0.079 | 0.072 | 0.069 | 0.081 | 0.064 | 0.070 |
C21 | 0.056 | 0.058 | 0.068 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.048 | 0.077 | 0.072 | 0.063 | 0.083 | 0.064 | 0.070 | 0.082 | 0.063 | 0.074 | 0.075 |
C22 | 0.077 | 0.082 | 0.076 | 0.076 | 0.080 | 0.087 | 0.055 | 0.082 | 0.090 | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.090 | 0.086 | 0.087 | 0.085 | 0.073 |
C23 | 0.066 | 0.079 | 0.070 | 0.074 | 0.078 | 0.073 | 0.076 | 0.051 | 0.086 | 0.082 | 0.077 | 0.077 | 0.066 | 0.072 | 0.070 | 0.070 |
C24 | 0.030 | 0.035 | 0.031 | 0.041 | 0.031 | 0.043 | 0.053 | 0.053 | 0.028 | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.032 |
C25 | 0.083 | 0.058 | 0.065 | 0.059 | 0.065 | 0.074 | 0.064 | 0.068 | 0.058 | 0.044 | 0.071 | 0.057 | 0.053 | 0.063 | 0.052 | 0.079 |
C31 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.066 | 0.069 | 0.071 | 0.074 | 0.082 | 0.071 | 0.047 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.079 | 0.071 | 0.075 |
C32 | 0.081 | 0.073 | 0.069 | 0.072 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.065 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 0.074 | 0.041 | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.066 | 0.053 |
C33 | 0.052 | 0.058 | 0.062 | 0.056 | 0.055 | 0.070 | 0.060 | 0.056 | 0.062 | 0.055 | 0.063 | 0.067 | 0.040 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.054 |
C34 | 0.061 | 0.055 | 0.056 | 0.064 | 0.063 | 0.069 | 0.068 | 0.067 | 0.063 | 0.056 | 0.068 | 0.065 | 0.069 | 0.046 | 0.067 | 0.063 |
C35 | 0.063 | 0.074 | 0.066 | 0.058 | 0.070 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 0.054 | 0.057 | 0.051 | 0.060 | 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.064 | 0.043 | 0.070 |
C36 | 0.040 | 0.041 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.044 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.052 | 0.040 | 0.070 | 0.036 | 0.037 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.044 | 0.032 |
Criteria | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C15 | C21 | C22 | C23 | C24 | C25 | C31 | C32 | C33 | C34 | C35 | C36 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IWs | 0.038 | 0.063 | 0.064 | 0.062 | 0.067 | 0.052 | 0.055 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.055 | 0.053 | 0.054 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.050 | 0.064 |
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No. | Criteria | Descriptions | Authors |
---|---|---|---|
M1 | Legibility | Indicators (orientation boards, information-communication panels, or hazard indicators) should provide elderly people with continuous, effective, and adequate service information about their surroundings and be located in visible places at pedestrian decision-making points. They should be optimally designed in combination with other design factors. | [8,34,35] |
M2 | Interior to exterior connection | Transitional spaces (those between POS and non-POS, or spaces linking different subareas in POS) that are easily found and lack barriers to the mobility of elderly people. | [8,23,34] |
M3 | Barrier-free sidewalks | Pedestrian-oriented sidewalk designs that account for the needs of elderly people, including appropriate widths for the sidewalk and its security band; appropriate heights and widths for the ramps and stairs; and a sidewalk texture that is matte and easy to walk on. | [13,25,35] |
M4 | Route pattern | Continuous circulation routes with favorable connectivity and hierarchy, providing choices of physical activity such as brisk walking, slow jogging, or strolling. | [8,13,34] |
M5 | Sufficient lighting | Lighting with suitable luminaire selection, brightness settings, and location, providing suitable transition and uniformity of luminance and high clarity of visual information, ensuring the safety of nighttime activity. | [8,25,34] |
M6 | Traffic calming | Reasonable installation of deceleration strips, crosswalks, and pedestrian overpasses or underpasses that elderly pedestrians can use to cross roadways. | [9,22,34] |
N1 | High-density vegetation | Leafy and healthy plants that provide ample visual relief with natural color and adjustment of sunlight. | [13,34,41] |
N2 | High-quality vegetation | Plants and trees with suitable location, collocation, and seasonal interest; there should be sufficient “net free space” under plantings. | [11,23,34,42,43] |
N3 | Water features | Blue spaces designed with suitable natural forms of water (gaseous, liquid, or solid), visual forms, and facilities with water available. These provide elderly people with positive mood effects, attractiveness, and perceived restorative abilities. | [13,42,43] |
N4 | Waste arrangement | A sufficient number of trash containers should be set up in crowded places (near the entrances of buildings and activity areas) to collect pedestrian or dog waste. | [8,13,23,34,35,38,43] |
N5 | Natural art design | Public art with pleasing appearance that is in harmony with the natural environment and can provide visual relief and topics of discussion. | [22,34,44] |
N6 | Micro-climate | Natural elements design for wind controlled, light and shadow management | [11,23,42] |
S1 | Seats on pathways | Comfortable seating with suitable orientation and location for better visual contact, such as seating areas facing busy sidewalks. | [11,13,34] |
S2 | Access to life facilities | Close to life service facilities, such as public toilets, restaurants, shops, cafes and so on, in order to provide more opportunities for social contact. | [9,13,22,23,25,34] |
S3 | Co-maintenance spaces | Communal areas for the elderly’s coordinate maintenance, such as a communal garden providing gardening activities. | [18,46] |
S4 | Intimate seating | Small-scale enclosure seating provided for private conversations between elderly people with strong social ties. | [8,11,23,34] |
S5 | Multifunctional spaces | A flexible space for different groups of people to participate in various activities during the day and night. | [8,11,34] |
S6 | Play areas for children | Space suitable for children to play and multi-generational enjoyment. | [11,23,34] |
S7 | Historical and cultural heritage | Objects with cultural and historical information, historic buildings, or cultural elements, which can enhance local identity and sense of belonging. | [8,43,49,51] |
Dimensions/Criteria | Influential Weights (IWs) | Elderly | Expert | Integration | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local Weight | Global Weight | Performance | Gap | Performance | Gap | Performance | Gap | |
Mobility (D1) | 0.322 | 6.658 | 0.334 | 5.444 | 0.456 | 6.397 | 0.360 | |
Legibility (C11) | 0.175 | 0.056 | 6.747 | 0.325 | 4.525 | 0.548 | 6.269 | 0.373 |
Interior to exterior connection (C12) | 0.200 | 0.064 | 6.637 | 0.336 | 5.175 | 0.483 | 6.323 | 0.368 |
Barrier-free sidewalks (C13) | 0.210 | 0.068 | 6.726 | 0.327 | 5.075 | 0.493 | 6.371 | 0.363 |
Route pattern (C14) | 0.208 | 0.067 | 7.123 | 0.288 | 6.425 | 0.358 | 6.973 | 0.303 |
Sufficient lighting (C15) | 0.207 | 0.067 | 6.068 | 0.393 | 5.875 | 0.413 | 6.027 | 0.397 |
Nature enjoyment (D2) | 0.322 | 5.708 | 0.429 | 3.656 | 0.634 | 5.267 | 0.473 | |
High-density vegetation (C21) | 0.207 | 0.067 | 7.110 | 0.289 | 5.600 | 0.440 | 6.785 | 0.322 |
High-quality vegetation (C22) | 0.248 | 0.080 | 6.363 | 0.364 | 4.550 | 0.545 | 5.973 | 0.403 |
Water features (C23) | 0.225 | 0.073 | 3.890 | 0.611 | 0.950 | 0.905 | 3.258 | 0.674 |
Waste arrangement (C24) | 0.123 | 0.040 | 4.240 | 0.576 | 2.550 | 0.745 | 3.876 | 0.612 |
Natural art design (C25) | 0.196 | 0.063 | 6.411 | 0.359 | 4.275 | 0.573 | 5.952 | 0.405 |
Social interaction (D3) | 0.356 | 6.518 | 0.348 | 4.733 | 0.527 | 6.134 | 0.387 | |
Seats on pathways (C31) | 0.192 | 0.069 | 7.123 | 0.288 | 5.625 | 0.438 | 6.801 | 0.320 |
Access to life facilities (C32) | 0.179 | 0.064 | 6.986 | 0.301 | 4.950 | 0.505 | 6.548 | 0.345 |
Co-maintenance spaces (C33) | 0.163 | 0.058 | 4.397 | 0.560 | 2.275 | 0.773 | 3.941 | 0.606 |
Intimate seating (C34) | 0.176 | 0.063 | 7.007 | 0.299 | 4.550 | 0.545 | 6.478 | 0.352 |
Multifunctional space (C35) | 0.171 | 0.061 | 6.644 | 0.336 | 4.900 | 0.510 | 6.269 | 0.373 |
Historical and cultural heritage (C36) | 0.118 | 0.042 | 6.849 | 0.315 | 6.375 | 0.363 | 6.747 | 0.325 |
Total Performance | 6.302 | 4.615 | 5.939 | |||||
Total Gap (ratio) | 0.370 | 0.539 | 0.406 |
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Zhu, B.-W.; Zhang, J.-R.; Tzeng, G.-H.; Huang, S.-L.; Xiong, L. Public Open Space Development for Elderly People by Using the DANP-V Model to Establish Continuous Improvement Strategies towards a Sustainable and Healthy Aging Society. Sustainability 2017, 9, 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030420
Zhu B-W, Zhang J-R, Tzeng G-H, Huang S-L, Xiong L. Public Open Space Development for Elderly People by Using the DANP-V Model to Establish Continuous Improvement Strategies towards a Sustainable and Healthy Aging Society. Sustainability. 2017; 9(3):420. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030420
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Bo-Wei, Jia-Rui Zhang, Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, Shan-Lin Huang, and Lei Xiong. 2017. "Public Open Space Development for Elderly People by Using the DANP-V Model to Establish Continuous Improvement Strategies towards a Sustainable and Healthy Aging Society" Sustainability 9, no. 3: 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030420