Experimental Study of a Small Scale Hydraulic System for Mechanical Wind Energy Conversion into Heat
<p>Photo and schematic view of the experimental setup.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Electromotor calibration setup.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Thermal power <span class="html-italic">P<sub>Tl</sub></span> of the hydraulic system under variable opening degree <span class="html-italic">γ</span> of the load regulation valve corresponding to the range of <span class="html-italic">n<sub>set</sub></span> = 0.5–8.0 Hz (<span class="html-italic">v*</span> = 1–4.5 m/s).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Thermal power <span class="html-italic">P<sub>Tl</sub></span> of the hydraulic system under variable opening degree <span class="html-italic">γ</span> of the load regulation valve corresponding to the range of <span class="html-italic">n<sub>set</sub></span> = 10–25 Hz (<span class="html-italic">v*</span> = 4.5–7.0 m/s).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Influence of the pump’s shaft rotation frequency <span class="html-italic">n</span> on the generated power <span class="html-italic">P</span> at <span class="html-italic">n<sub>set</sub></span> = 10 Hz.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Influence of the pump’s shaft rotation frequency <span class="html-italic">n</span> on the generated power <span class="html-italic">P</span> at <span class="html-italic">n<sub>set</sub></span> = 20 Hz.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Influence of simulated wind speed* at 1 to 7 m/s range on thermal power <span class="html-italic">P<sub>T</sub></span> of the hydraulic system.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Influence of simulated wind speed* at 1 to 7 m/s range on optimal hydraulic pump rotation frequency.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Influence of opening degree <span class="html-italic">γ</span> of the load regulation valve in the range of <span class="html-italic">n<sub>set</sub></span> = 10–25 Hz (<span class="html-italic">v*</span> = 4.5–7.0 m/s) on the pump’s shaft rotation frequency <span class="html-italic">n</span>.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Influence of the hydraulic pump’s shaft rotation frequency <span class="html-italic">n</span> in the range of <span class="html-italic">n<sub>set</sub></span> = 10–25 Hz (<span class="html-italic">v*</span> = 4.5–7.0 m/s) on thermal power <span class="html-italic">P<sub>Tl</sub></span>.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Dependence of the load control valve optimal opening degree <span class="html-italic">γ<sub>opt</sub></span> on the oil temperature for <span class="html-italic">n<sub>set</sub></span> = 10 Hz.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Dependence of the load control valve optimal opening degree <span class="html-italic">γ<sub>opt</sub></span> on the oil temperature for <span class="html-italic">n<sub>set</sub></span> = 20 Hz.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Automatic control scheme of the hydraulic system for mechanical wind energy conversion into heat.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Experimental Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Mechanical Energy Simulation
3.2. Thermal Energy Generation
3.3. Analysis of the Automatic Control of the System
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | wind rotor swept area, m2 |
c | specific heat capacity of oil, J/(kg·K) |
cp | wind power conversion efficiency |
d | internal diameter, m |
fset | electric frequency, Hz |
M | torque, N·m |
mr | oil mass in the reservoir, kg |
n | pump shaft rotation frequency, Hz |
nr | wind rotor rotation frequency, Hz |
nset | electromotor shaft rotation frequency, Hz |
Phs_in | hydraulic pump shaft mechanical power, W |
Phs_out | output thermal power of hydraulic system, W |
Pm_out | electromotor shaft mechanical power, W |
Pp_in | hydraulic pump’s input power, W |
PT | thermal power, W |
PT_loss | thermal power losses, W |
PTf | thermal power from hydraulic losses in pipes and heat exchanger, W |
PTl | thermal power generated in load regulation valve, W |
PTp | thermal power generated in the pump, W |
Pw | wind turbine’s output power, W |
Q | volumetric flow rate, m3/s |
t | time interval, s |
Tr0 | initial temperature of the oil in the tank, K |
Tout | oil temperature in the return pipe, K |
Tr | oil temperature in the oil tank, K |
v | wind velocity, m/s |
Vp | nominal displacement of hydraulic pump, cm3/rot |
w | average oil flow velocity, m/s |
γ | opening degree of the load regulation valve, dimensionless |
Δp | pressure drop, Pa |
ζ | local loss coefficient |
ηhs | hydraulic system efficiency for thermal energy conversion |
ηpV | pump volumetric efficiency coefficient |
ρ | oil density, kg/m3 |
ρair | air density, kg/m3 |
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nset, Hz | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 3.5 | 4 |
Pm_out, W | 4.7 | 16.3 | 28.4 | 44.5 | 59.4 | 74.2 | 84.6 | 100.7 |
nset, Hz | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
Pm_out, W | 122.5 | 159.9 | 193.8 | 233.0 | 305.9 | 518.1 | 728.7 | 959.8 |
nset, Hz | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 3.5 | 4 |
v *, m/s | 1.18 | 1.79 | 2.16 | 2.50 | 2.76 | 2.97 | 3.10 | 3.29 |
Lithuania/average v, m/s | 2.52 ÷ 4.55 | |||||||
Latvia/average v, m/s | 2.68 ÷ 4.22 | |||||||
Estonia/average v, m/s | 3.95 ÷ 6.86 | |||||||
nset, Hz | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
v *, m/s | 3.51 | 3.83 | 4.09 | 4.35 | 4.76 | 5.67 | 6.36 | 6.97 |
Lithuania/average v, m/s | 2.52 ÷ 4.55 | |||||||
Latvia/average v, m/s | 2.68 ÷ 4.22 | |||||||
Estonia/average v, m/s | 3.95 ÷ 6.86 |
No. | Working Regime of the System | Opening Degree of the Valve, γ | Rotation Frequency, n and Torque, M | Pressure Drop, Δp | Flow Rate, Q |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Unloaded system | γ = 1 | n = nmax M ≈ 0 | Δp ≈ 0 | Q = Qmax |
2 | System loading | γ ⟶ γopt (0 < γ < 1) | n ⟶ nopt M ⟶ Mopt | Δp ⟶ Δpopt | Q ⟶ Qopt |
3 | Rated regime(optimal performance) | γ = γopt | n = nopt M = Mopt | Δp = Δpopt | Q = Qopt |
4 | System overloading | γ ⟶ 0 (0 < γ < 1) | n ⟶ 0 M ⟶ Mmax | Δp ⟶ Δpmax | Q ⟶ 0 |
5 | Overloaded system | γ ≈ 0 | n ≈ 0 M = Mmax | Δp↓ | Q ≈ 0 |
nset, Hz | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 3.5 | 4 |
v*, m/s | 1.18 | 1.79 | 2.16 | 2.50 | 2.76 | 2.97 | 3.10 | 3.29 |
γopt_20 °C | 0.108 | 0.114 | 0.125 | 0.136 | 0.147 | 0.158 | 0.167 | 0.181 |
nopt, Hz | 0.28 | 0.57 | 0.90 | 1.23 | 1.56 | 2.01 | 2.27 | 2.79 |
PTl_max, W | 3.7 | 13.3 | 25.4 | 38.5 | 52.2 | 66.3 | 80.8 | 91.2 |
PT_max, W | 4.4 | 15.4 | 26.5 | 41.9 | 56.1 | 69.1 | 79.8 | 95.1 |
ηhs | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.94 |
nset, Hz | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
v*, m/s | 3.51 | 3.83 | 4.09 | 4.35 | 4.76 | 5.67 | 6.36 | 6.97 |
γopt_20 °C | 0.192 | 0.203 | 0.203 | 0.214 | 0.222 | 0.247 | 0.286 | 0.333 |
nopt, Hz | 3.54 | 4.42 | 5.17 | 5.96 | 7.88 | 12.07 | 16.75 | 21.40 |
PTl_max, W | 116.9 | 147.3 | 173.0 | 211.9 | 280.3 | 453.3 | 618.5 | 767.6 |
PT_max, W | 115.8 | 151.9 | 181.9 | 220.0 | 289.5 | 483.1 | 664.2 | 881.9 |
ηhs | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.92 |
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Zdankus, T.; Cerneckiene, J.; Jurelionis, A.; Vaiciunas, J. Experimental Study of a Small Scale Hydraulic System for Mechanical Wind Energy Conversion into Heat. Sustainability 2016, 8, 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070637
Zdankus T, Cerneckiene J, Jurelionis A, Vaiciunas J. Experimental Study of a Small Scale Hydraulic System for Mechanical Wind Energy Conversion into Heat. Sustainability. 2016; 8(7):637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070637
Chicago/Turabian StyleZdankus, Tadas, Jurgita Cerneckiene, Andrius Jurelionis, and Juozas Vaiciunas. 2016. "Experimental Study of a Small Scale Hydraulic System for Mechanical Wind Energy Conversion into Heat" Sustainability 8, no. 7: 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070637