Experimental Investigation into the Preparation Process of Graphene-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites by Friction Stirring Processing
<p>The microstructure character of graphene reinforcement.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The FSM-TS1106 friction stirring welding machine. (<b>a</b>) Friction stirring welding machine; (<b>b</b>) a schematic of the stirring pin (unit: mm).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>A schematic of the preparation process of GNPs/Al with FSP. (<b>a</b>) Original position, (<b>b</b>) welding process, (<b>c</b>) returning to the original position and (<b>d</b>) a repeated pass.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The cutting position and size of the specimen (unit: mm).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The engineering stress/engineering strain curves under different preparation process parameters. (<b>a</b>) Stirring passes, (<b>b</b>) the ratio of the stirring/welding velocity, and (<b>c</b>) the graphene content.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Microstructure of GNPs/Al under different passes: (<b>a</b>) one pass, (<b>b</b>) two passes, (<b>c</b>) three passes, and (<b>d</b>) four passes.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Microstructure of GNPs/Al under different ratios: (<b>a</b>) 1000/200, (<b>b</b>) 400/40, and (<b>c</b>) 1000/40.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Microstructure of GNPs/Al under different ratios; (<b>a</b>) 0 vol.%, (<b>b</b>) 0.5 vol.%, (<b>c</b>) 1.0 vol.%, and (<b>d</b>) 2.0 vol.%.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The TEM morphology of GNPs/Al under different passes: (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) two passes and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) four passes.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The TEM morphology of GNPs/Al under different ratios of stirring/welding velocity; (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) 1000/200 and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) 1000/40.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The TEM morphology of GNPs/Al with graphene content; (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) 0.5 vol.% and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) 2.0 vol.%.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experiment
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of GNPs/Al
2.3. Mechanical Property Tests
2.4. Microstructure Observation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Properties
3.2. Microstructure Evolution
3.2.1. Grain Evolution under Different Conditions
3.2.2. Interface Reaction Evolution
3.3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- As the ratio of stirring/welding velocity increases and the graphene content decreases, the grain size increases, which is due to higher heating input and less heterogeneous cores, respectively. However, the stirring pass has no significant impact on grain size due to the dynamic equilibrium between grain growth and dynamic recrystallization.
- (2)
- By controlling the heat input and plastic strain during FSP, the tensile strength of GNPs/Al can be improved with the increase in the stirring pass and the selection of the appropriate ratio of stirring/welding velocity. Under appropriate process parameters, the interface reaction and dispersion of graphene need to be adjusted and balanced.
- (3)
- A high graphene content can improve the material’s strength by refining the grain size, improving the load transfer ability, and acting as a precipitate to prevent dislocation movement. It should be noted that high graphene content can decrease elongation due to the poor dispersion of graphene and the interface reaction between graphene and an aluminum matrix.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Zn | Ti | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 0.25 | 0.035 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | Bal. |
Elastic Modulus | Yield Strength | Ultimate Strength | Elongation | Hardness |
---|---|---|---|---|
70 GPa | 64 MPa | 82 MPa | 21% | 26 HV |
Pass Number | Stirring Velocity (rpm) | Welding Velocity (mm/min) | Graphene Content (vol.%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1000 | 200 | 0.5 |
2 | |||
3 | |||
4 | |||
4 | 400 | 40 | 0.5 |
4 | 1000 | 40 | 0.5 |
1 | |||
2 | |||
0 |
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Chen, G.; Yu, M.; Dong, H.; Liu, J. Experimental Investigation into the Preparation Process of Graphene-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites by Friction Stirring Processing. Materials 2024, 17, 3918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163918
Chen G, Yu M, Dong H, Liu J. Experimental Investigation into the Preparation Process of Graphene-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites by Friction Stirring Processing. Materials. 2024; 17(16):3918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163918
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Gaohong, Mei Yu, Hongrui Dong, and Jianhua Liu. 2024. "Experimental Investigation into the Preparation Process of Graphene-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites by Friction Stirring Processing" Materials 17, no. 16: 3918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163918